TABLE 3.
Associations Between Latent Classes and Demographic, Gambling, and Health/Functioning Measures*
| Class 2 (ACG) OR (CI 95%)† |
Class 3 (ANCG) OR (CI 95%)† |
Class 4 (PrG) OR (CI 95%)† |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic variables | |||
| Sex | |||
| Male | 4.58 (3.34–6.28) | 4.13 (2.63–6.47) | 2.59 (1.26–5.30) |
| Race | |||
| White (reference) | |||
| Multirace | 1.33 (0.85–2.07) | 6.35 (4.05–9.96) | 5.33 (2.29–12.42) |
| African American | 1.55 (0.97–2.47) | 2.25 (1.12–4.51) | 2.27 (0.65–7.94) |
| Hispanic | 1.66 (1.06–2.58) | 1.69 (0.79–3.62) | 2.84 (0.93–8.69) |
| Other | 1.89 (0.99–3.61) | 1.65 (0.50–5.39) | — |
| Asian | 1.09 (0.43–2.74) | 3.48 (1.35–9.00) | 2.34 (0.30–18.00) |
| Grade | |||
| 9th (reference) | |||
| 10th | 0.79 (0.56–1.11) | 1.08 (0.66–1.77) | 0.68 (0.31–1.48) |
| 11th | 0.71 (0.50–1.01) | 0.92 (0.54–1.55) | 0.50 (0.21–1.21) |
| 12th | 1.17 (0.81–1.67) | 1.48 (0.87–2.51) | 0.34 (0.10–1.18) |
| Age | |||
| <14 (reference) | |||
| 15–17 | 1.44 (0.92–2.25) | 0.84 (0.48–1.46) | 0.78 (0.35–1.75) |
| 18+ | 2.22 (1.30–3.80) | 1.83 (0.95–3.52) | 0.19 (0.02–1.49) |
| Grade average | |||
| A+B (reference) | |||
| C | 1.56 (1.17–2.09) | 1.48 (0.94–2.33) | 1.92 (0.89–4.15) |
| D+F | 2.08 (1.44–3.00) | 3.60 (2.24–5.77) | 3.93 (1.71–9.02) |
| Family structure | |||
| 2 parents (reference) | |||
| 1 parent | 1.09 (0.80–1.49) | 1.19 (0.74–1.92) | 2.31 (1.12–4.78) |
| Others | 2.21 (1.39–3.52) | 6.42 (3.92–10.50) | 6.45 (2.63–15.77) |
| Gambling variables | |||
| Form of gambling | |||
| Strategic | 6.81 (2.17–21.39) | 2.31 (0.84–6.30) | — |
| Nonstrategic | 1.66 (1.23–2.25) | 4.76 (2.55–8.90) | 1.18 (0.58–2.40) |
| Machine | 5.77 (4.31–7.73) | 12.34 (7.24–21.01) | 5.33 (2.57–11.05) |
| Location of gambling | |||
| Online | 6.03 (4.55–8.00) | 20.24 (13.50–30.37) | 5.00 (2.47–10.09) |
| School grounds | 7.75 (5.89–10.20) | 14.53 (9.26–22.79) | 3.78 (1.97–7.24) |
| Casinos | 4.22 (2.86–6.23) | 42.23 (27.85–64.04) | 9.35 (4.42–19.77) |
| Gambling motivations | |||
| Excitement | 12.04 (8.46–17.12) | 7.82 (4.99–12.24) | 2.53 (1.32–4.84) |
| Finance | 11.27 (7.27–15.35) | 10.95 (7.03–17.06) | 3.72 (1.94–7.14) |
| Escape | 6.23 (4.77–8.14) | 13.34 (8.98–19.82) | 4.27 (2.18–8.37) |
| Social | 5.67 (4.35–7.37) | 5.68 (3.90–8.27) | 1.83 (0.88–3.81) |
| Gambling urges | |||
| Pressure to gamble | 5.68 (3.87–8.33) | 22.76 (15.03–34.47) | 8.20 (3.66–18.37) |
| Anxiety relieved by gambling | 9.00 (5.18–15.62) | 103.85 (60.57–178.05) | 24.60 (9.60–63.04) |
| Gambling partners | |||
| Adults | 5.79 (4.17–8.04) | 9.54 (6.31–14.43) | 5.20 (2.34–11.53) |
| Family | 3.22 (2.46–4.22) | 2.17 (1.45–3.26) | 1.17 (0.51–2.69) |
| Friends | 11.43 (7.98–16.38) | 2.91 (2.00–4.25) | 1.46 (0.76–2.81) |
| Strangers | 9.82 (6.62–14.57) | 46.51 (30.28–71.44) | 3.97 (1.19–13.19) |
| Alone | 6.98 (4.65–10.47) | 28.62 (18.70–43.79) | 7.57 (3.08–18.62) |
| Time spent gambling | |||
| >1 h/wk | 7.66 (4.34–13.53) | 70.84 (43.41–115.62) | 11.34 (3.82–33.61) |
| Age of onset of gambling | |||
| ≤8 | 1.00 (0.62–1.60) | 12.19 (6.38–23.28) | 4.49 (1.30–15.54) |
| 9–11 | 1.33 (0.89–2.01) | 3.38 (1.61–7.09) | 1.60 (0.36–7.22) |
| 12–14 | 1.11 (0.79–1.54) | 1.23 (0.58–2.60 | 2.38 (0.75–7.53) |
| 15+ (reference) | |||
| Health/functioning variables | |||
| Extracurricular activities | 1.19 (0.87–1.63) | 1.16 (0.74–1.82) | 0.42 (0.22–0.81) |
| Substance use | |||
| Smoking ever | 1.61 (1.24–2.09) | 4.07 (2.65–6.25) | 1.95 (0.96–3.97) |
| Marijuana ever | 1.78 (1.36–2.34) | 7.40 (4.43–12.37) | 1.36 (0.60–2.63) |
| Alcohol ever | 0.99 (0.65–1.49) | 1.06 (0.58–1.95) | 0.61 (0.25–1.49) |
| Alcohol-past 30 d | 1.21 (0.89–1.64) | 3.65 (2.03–6.56) | 2.07 (0.84–5.10) |
| Other drug use ever | 2.12 (1.41–3.19) | 15.33 (9.98–23.56) | 2.91 (1.17–7.25) |
| Caffeine use | |||
| None (reference) | |||
| 1–2 | 0.69 (0.49–0.98) | 0.39 (0.22–0.69) | 0.72 (0.31–1.68) |
| 3 or more | 1.25 (0.86–1.80) | 1.98 (1.20–3.27) | 0.66 (0.24–1.82) |
| Aggression | |||
| Serious fights | 2.91 (2.22–3.81) | 8.08 (5.50–11.88) | 4.20 (2.19–8.06) |
| Carry weapon | 3.84 (2.67–5.53) | 15.52 (10.44–23.07) | 7.07 (3.37–14.85) |
| Mood | |||
| Depressed | 1.31 (0.96–1.79) | 3.41 (2.25–5.15) | 4.28 (2.03–9.03) |
| Weight | |||
| Normal (reference) | |||
| Underweight | 1.17 (0.84–1.64) | 2.94 (1.95–4.40) | 2.66 (1.27–5.55) |
| Overweight | 1.26 (0.87–1.82) | 1.41 (0.78–2.53) | 1.47 (0.54–4.02) |
| Obese | 1.56 (0.96–2.55) | 1.33 (0.56–3.14) | 2.08 (0.60–7.20) |
*
Reference group is the low-risk gambling (LG) class.
†
OR and CI in bold are statistically significant at P < 0.05.
CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.