Table 5.

Adjusted mean left ventricular mass index by acculturation characteristic and by ethnicity

Acculturation characteristic	Race/Ethnicity
	Non-Hispanic White		Chinese		African-American		Hispanic
	LVMI, g/m2, mean ± SE	p-value	LVMI, g/m2, mean ± SE	p-value	LVMI, g/m2, mean ± SE	p-value	LVMI, g/m2, mean ± SE, p	p-value
Language
Non-English spoken at home	80.2 ± 1.9	0.56	76.5 ± 0.9	0.24	83.4 ± 3.4	0.69	82.8 ± 0.8	0.075
Mixed languages at home	78.3 ± 4.9		78.2 ± 1.9		78.9 ± 4.7		82.3 ± 1.2
English spoken at home	78.2 ± 0.7		79.6 ± 2.1		82.9 ± 0.7		84.9 ± 0.9
Nativity
US-born	78.2 ± 0.7	0.19	76.0 ± 2.6	0.74	82.6 ± 0.7	0.027*	84.2 ± 0.9	0.24
Foreign-born	79.7 ± 1.3		76.9 ± 0.9		85.8 ± 1.4		83.0 ± 0.8
Nativity + Years in US
Foreign born - in US for < 10 years	90.2 ± 6.2	0.92	75.9 ± 1.4	0.37	80.5 ± 10.7	0.73	84.3 ± 1.9	0.61
Foreign born - in US for 10–19 years	87.8 ± 4.7		76.7 ± 1.2		86.7 ± 5.9		82.4 ± 1.7
Foreign born - in US for ≥ 20 years	87.6 ± 2.7		77.7 ± 1.1		88.5 ± 3.9		82.6 ± 0.9
Acculturation score
Least acculturated (0)	-	0.72	75.1 ± 1.5	0.32	-	0.024*	84.3 ± 1.9	0.25
Acculturated (1)	-		76.2 ± 1.2		-		83.1 ± 1.7
Acculturated (2)	84.5 ± 12.8		76.8 ± 1.2		80.15 ± 8.9		82.9 ± 0.9
Acculturated (3)	78.9 ± 3.7		77.3 ± 2.3		88.7 ± 3.7		82.7 ± 1.5
Acculturated (4)	79.4 ± 1.7		81.9 ± 2.8		87.8 ± 1.9		82.5 ± 1.3
Most Acculturated (5)	77.8 ± 0.7		76.2 ± 3.2		82.8 ± 0.7		85.5 ± 1.0

Adjusted for age, sex, income, serum creatinine, smoking status, physical activity, diabetes status, and systolic blood pressure

LVMI indicates left ventricular mass index, SE standard error

*p < 0.05