TABLE 1.
Patient, Pre-extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation, and During Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Characteristics (Overall Cohort)
| Characteristics | All (n = 21,845) | Cardiac (n = 8,905) | Cardiac Surgicala (n = 3,517) | Cardiac Medicala (n = 1,196) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male sex | 12,141 (55.6) | 4,935 (55.4) | 1,976 (56.2) | 638 (53.3) |
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| Race | ||||
| Caucasian | 12,004 (55.0) | 4,964 (55.7) | 2,003 (57.0) | 639 (53.4) |
| African American | 3,789 (17.3) | 1,310 (14.7) | 445 (12.7) | 236 (19.7) |
| Asian | 1,365 (6.2) | 658 (7.4) | 254 (7.2) | 86 (7.2) |
| Hispanic | 3,097 (14.2) | 1,243 (14.0) | 534 (15.2) | 153 (12.8) |
| Other | 1,253 (5.7) | 563 (6.3) | 208 (5.9) | 63 (5.3) |
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| Current weight, kg | 3.6 (3.0–6.6) | 3.9 (3.0–8.0) | 3.6 (3.0–5.7) | 6.0 (3.4–16.2) |
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| Age group | ||||
| Neonate (0–28 d | 13,121 (60.1) | 4,170 (46.8) | 1,902 (54.1) | 413 (34.5) |
| Infant (29–365 d) | 4,107 (18.8) | 2,642 (29.7) | 1,032 (29.3) | 290 (24.2) |
| Child (366 d to 18 yr) | 4,617 (21.1) | 2,093 (23.5) | 583 (16.6) | 493 (41.2) |
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| Genetic anomaly | 724 (3.3) | 429 (4.8) | 238 (6.8) | 26 (2.2) |
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| Pre-ECMO | ||||
| Pre-ECMO support | ||||
| Pressor support | 18,699 (85.6) | 7,592 (85.3) | 3,020 (85.6) | 1,018 (85.1) |
| Cardiac mechanical support | 184 (0.8) | 156 (1.8) | 64 (1.8) | 16 (1.3) |
| Oscillator support or high-frequency oscillation/high-frequency ventilation | 9,628 (44.1) | 671 (7.5) | 143 (4.1) | 107 (8.9) |
| Pulmonary vasodilatory support | 11,736 (53.7) | 2,397 (26.9) | 1,026 (29.2) | 225 (18.8) |
| Systemic afterload reduction | 5,311 (24.3) | 3,010 (33.8) | 1,415 (40.2) | 340 (28.4) |
| Steroids | 843 (3.9) | 247 (2.8) | 109 (3.1) | 27 (2.3) |
| Bicarbonate | 6,309 (28.9) | 2,472 (27.8) | 871 (24.8) | 270 (22.6) |
| Pre-ECMO re-exploration for bleeding/mediastinal exploration | 337 (1.5) | 223 (2.5) | 109 (3.1) | 9 (0.8) |
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| On ECMO | ||||
| Duration of ECMO, hr | 134 (76–226) | 111 (63–184) | 104 (64–167) | 128 (69–219) |
| ECMO mode | ||||
| Venoarterial | 17,294 (79.2) | 8,630 (96.9) | 3,467 (98.6) | 1,176 (98.3) |
| Venovenous | 4,389 (20.1) | 197 (2.2) | 19 (0.5) | 9 (0.8) |
| Other | 107 (0.5) | 55 (0.6) | 24 (0.7) | 8 (0.7) |
| Cannulation site | ||||
| Chest | 6,247 (28.6) | 5,452 (61.2) | 2,924 (83.1) | 329 (27.5) |
| Neck | 14,376 (65.8) | 2,863 (32.2) | 411 (11.7) | 733 (61.3) |
| Groin/other | 584 (2.7) | 305 (3.4) | 44 (1.3) | 100 (8.4) |
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| Clinical outcomes | ||||
| Recovery to decannulation | 16,297 (74.6) | 6,364 (71.5) | 2,519 (71.6) | 839 (70.2) |
| Death at decannulation | 5,506 (25.2) | 2,518 (28.3) | 987 (28.1) | 353 (29.5) |
| Reason for discontinuation ECMO: hemorrhage | 739 (13.4) | 231 (9.2) | 86 (8.7) | 34 (9.6) |
ECMO = extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
a
After exclusion of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation and pulmonary ECMO patients.
Data are presented as n (%) for categorical variables and median (interquartile range) for continuous variables.