TABLE 3.

Risk Factors for Hemorrhage in Cardiac Medical Patients

Characteristics	Unadjusted			Adjusted
	OR	95% CI	pa	OR	95% CI	pb
Male sex	0.97	0.76–1.22	0.77
Race
Caucasian	Ref			Ref
African American	0.92	0.67–1.26	0.06	0.92	0.67–1.28	0.06
Asian	1.43	0.90–2.25		1.26	0.77–2.05
Hispanic	1.40	0.98–2.01		1.40	0.96–2.04
Other	1.64	0.97–2.76		1.85	1.08–3.17
Age group
Neonate (0–28 d)	Ref		0.003	Ref		0.002
Infant (29–365 d)	1.02	0.74–1.40		1.04	0.74–1.45
Child (366 d to 18 yr)	1.53	1.16–2.00		1.66	1.22–2.25
Cardiac diagnosis
CHD	0.99	0.78–1.26	0.95
Non-CHD	Ref
Genetic anomaly	1.42	0.64–3.10	0.38
Pre-ECMO
Pre-ECMO support
Pressor support	1.10	0.79–1.54	0.57
Cardiac mechanical support	1.65	0.60–4.52	0.31
Pulmonary vasodilatory support	1.02	0.75–1.37	0.91
Systemic afterload reduction	1.17	0.91–1.52	0.22
Steroids	0.82	0.35–1.79	0.62
Bicarbonate	1.10	0.83–1.45	0.50
Pre-ECMO re-exploration for bleeding/mediastinal exploration	20.8	4.21 to infinity	0.0002
On ECMO
Duration of ECMO, hr			< 0.0001			< 0.0001
< 128 (< 50th percentile)	Ref			Ref
128–219 (50th to 75th percentile)	1.29	0.96–1.72		1.37	1.01–1.86
≥219 (> 75th percentile)	1.88	1.41–2.50		2.05	1.52–2.77
ECMO mode			0.22
Venoarterial	2.00	0.70–7.14
Venovenous or other	Ref
Cannulation site			0.01			0.0005
Chest	1.44	1.10–1.88		1.75	1.32–2.33
Neck	Ref			Ref
Groin or other	1.57	1.03–2.40		1.28	0.81–2.03

OR = odds ratio, Ref = reference category, CHD = congenital heart disease, ECMO = extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

^ap value from univariate logistic regression.

^bp value from multivariable logistic regression.