TABLE 6.

Risk Factors for CNS Hemorrhage or Hemorrhagic Death in Cardiac Surgical Patients

Characteristics	Unadjusted			Adjusted
	OR	95% CI	pa	OR	95% CI	pb
Male sex	0.92	0.75–1.14	0.46
Race
Caucasian	Ref
African American	1.25	0.91–1.68	0.25
Asian	0.77	0.48–1.20
Hispanic	1.21	0.90–1.61
Other	0.92	0.56–1.44
Age group
Neonate (0–28 d)	2.81	1.96–4.15		2.48	1.59–3.86
Infant (29–365 d)	1.59	1.07–2.44	< 0.0001	1.60	1.00–2.54	< 0.0001
Child (366 d to 18 yr)	Ref			Ref
Cardiac diagnosis
CHD	2.39	1.07–6.80	0.05	3.29	0.79–13.8	0.10
Non-CHD	Ref			Ref
Genetic anomaly	0.47	0.26–0.79	0.01	0.51	0.29–0.92	0.02
Pre-ECMO
Pre-ECMO support
Pressor support	1.10	0.82–1.52	0.53
Cardiac mechanical support	1.29	0.59–2.51	0.48
Pulmonary vasodilatory support	1.39	1.11–1.73	0.003	1.33	1.06–1.68	0.02
Systemic afterload reduction	1.00	0.81–1.24	0.98
Steroids	0.97	0.50–1.72	0.93
Bicarbonate	1.44	1.15–1.81	0.002	1.37	1.07–1.73	0.01
Pre-ECMO re-exploration for bleeding/mediastinal exploration	0.79	0.38–1.45	0.48
On ECMO
Duration of ECMO, hr			0.002			0.01
< 167 (<75th percentile)	Ref			Ref
≥167 (> 75th percentile)	1.43	1.14–1.79		1.36	1.07–1.73
ECMO mode			0.14			0.46
Venoarterial	0.55	0.25–1.39		0.69	0.26–1.83
Venovenous or other	Ref			Ref
Cannulation site			0.11			0.36
Chest	Ref			Ref
Neck	1.27	0.93–1.70		1.26	0.91–1.75
Groin or other	0.38	0.06–1.25		0.85	0.20–3.65
Procedural
Society of Thoracic Surgeons morbidity category			< 0.0001			0.05
1 to 3	Ref			Ref
4 or 5	1.63	1.31–2.05		1.28	1.00–1.65
Time from surgery to ECMO cannulation, hr ≤23 (≤ 75th percentile)	1.03	0.81–1.32	0.80
> 23 (> 75th percentile)	Ref
Aortic surgery	1.10	0.89–1.36	0.37
Cardiopulmonary bypass time, min			0.72
< 193 (< 50th percentile)	Ref
193–282 (50th to 75th percentile)	1.02	0.78–1.32
≥ 282 (> 75th percentile)	0.90	0.69–1.18

OR = odds ratio, Ref = reference category, CHD = congenital heart disease, ECMO = extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

^ap value from univariate logistic regression.

^bp value from multivariable logistic regression.