Table 2.

(A) Age-sex-adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) of education and other risk factors for hypertension and coronary heart disease by race/ethnicity and (B) Age-sex-adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) of education and other risk factors for stroke and diabetes by race/ethnicity.

	NH-Whites		NH-Blacks		NH-Asians		Hispanics
	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p
(A)
Associated with odds of HBP
Education
HS vs. ≥college	1.56 (1.47–1.65)	<0.0001	1.41 (1.22–1.61)	<0.0001	1.14 (0.95–1.37)	0.151	1.44 (1.22– 1.70)	<0.0001
<HS vs. ≥college	2.49 (2.26–2.74)	<0.0001	1.92 (1.61–2.29)	<0.0001	1.90 (1.46–2.48)	< 0.0001	1.75 (1.49– 2.07)	<0.0001
BMI Groups
Over weight vs. normal	1.75 (1.64–1.87)	<0.0001	1.64 (1.45–1.86)	<0.0001	1.99 (1.65–2.41)	< 0.0001	1.53 (1.34– 1.74)	<0.0001
Obesity vs. normal	3.43 (3.20–3.66)	<0.0001	3.41 (2.98–3.91)	<0.0001	5.37 (4.01–7.18)	< 0.0001	2.98 (2.58– 3.44)	<0.0001
Smoking status
Former vs. never	1.44 (1.36–1.53)	<0.0001	1.88 (1.64–2.16)	<0.0001	1.36 (1.07–1.73)	0.011	1.47 (1.29– 1.68)	<0.0001
Current vs. never	1.10 (1.02–1.18)	0.010	1.21 (1.08–1.37)	0.002	0.90 (0.65–1.26)	0.548	1.23 (1.03– 1.46)	0.019
Alcohol consumption
Former vs. never	1.13 (1.04–1.22)	0.003	1.69 (1.48–1.93)	<0.0001	1.31 (0.97–1.77)	0.083	1.30 (1.12– 1.51)	0.001
Current vs. never	0.72 (0.67–0.77)	<0.0001	1.08 (0.97–1.20)	0.180	0.72 (0.59–0.88)	0.002	0.80 (0.71– 0.91)	0.001
Physical activity
Insufficiently vs. active	1.24 (1.16–1.32)	<0.0001	1.20 (1.03–1.40)	0.019	1.05 (0.85–1.28)	0.668	1.15 (1.00– 1.32)	0.047
Inactive vs. active	1.64 (1.54–1.76)	<0.0001	1.37 (1.23–1.54)	<0.0001	1.08 (0.88–1.33)	0.458	1.24 (1.09– 1.42)	0.001
Associated with odds of CHD
Education
HS vs. ≥college	1.72 (1.54–1.93)	<0.0001	1.61 (1.20–2.15)	0.001	1.24 (0.86–1.79)	0.258	1.29 (0.90– 1.83)	0.162
<HS vs. ≥college	3.61 (3.11–4.19)	<0.0001	2.80 (2.07–3.78)	<0.0001	3.46 (2.29–5.22)	< 0.0001	2.14 (1.49– 3.10)	<0.0001
BMI Groups
Over weight vs. normal	1.23 (1.11–1.36)	<0.0001	0.99 (0.76–1.28)	0.921	1.46 (0.99–2.17)	0.057	1.01 (0.79– 1.28)	0.964
Obesity vs. normal	1.44 (1.29–1.61)	<0.0001	1.58 (1.27–1.96)	<0.0001	2.93 (1.90–4.52)	< 0.0001	1.37 (1.07– 1.74)	0.012
Smoking status
Former vs. never	1.84 (1.68–2.02)	<0.0001	1.91 (1.59–2.29)	<0.0001	1.90 (1.33–2.73)	0.001	1.72 (1.39– 2.13)	<0.0001
Current vs. never	1.54 (1.38–1.73)	<0.0001	1.33 (1.06–1.66)	0.013	1.00 (0.56–1.77)	0.994	1.27 (0.99– 1.63)	0.060
Alcohol consumption
Former vs. never	1.18 (1.04–1.35)	0.010	1.69 (1.31–2.16)	<0.0001	1.77 (1.15–2.74)	0.010	1.44 (1.11– 1.86)	0.007
Current vs. never	0.56 (0.50–0.63)	<0.0001	0.93 (0.74–1.16)	0.494	0.47 (0.32–0.69)	< 0.001	0.65 (0.52– 0.81)	<0.001
Physical activity
Insufficiently vs. active	1.18 (1.06–1.32)	0.003	1.79 (1.34–2.39)	<0.0001	1.11 (0.76–1.61)	0.586	0.97 (0.73– 1.29)	0.844
Inactive vs. active	2.02 (1.81–2.25)	<0.0001	2.40 (1.89–3.05)	<0.0001	1.57 (1.05–2.35)	0.029	1.66 (1.32– 2.10)	<0.0001
(B)
Associated with odds of stroke
Education
HS vs. ≥college	1.84 (1.56–2.17)	<0.0001	2.00 (1.34–2.99)	0.001	1.64 (0.94–2.86)	0.083	1.46 (0.84– 2.53)	0.183
<HS vs. ≥college	3.98 (3.26–4.86)	<0.0001	2.77 (1.77–4.33)	<0.0001	2.63 (1.15–5.98)	0.022	2.67 (1.48– 4.81)	0.001
BMI Groups
Over weight vs. normal	1.16 (0.99–1.37)	0.068	0.97 (0.73–1.28)	0.819	1.44 (0.77–2.70)	0.260	0.74 (0.52– 1.05)	0.090
Obesity vs. normal	1.23 (1.04–1.45)	0.013	0.91 (0.70–1.19)	0.494	2.23 (1.08–4.61)	0.031	1.08 (0.74– 1.58)	0.696
Smoking status
Former vs. never	1.55 (1.36–1.77)	<0.0001	1.89 (1.49–2.39)	<0.0001	1.53 (0.86–2.73)	0.149	1.60 (1.12– 2.29)	0.011
Current vs. never	1.71 (1.45–2.01)	<0.0001	2.00 (1.56–2.55)	<0.0001	0.53 (0.23–1.25)	0.147	1.51 (0.95– 2.39)	0.084
Alcohol consumption
Former vs. never	1.10 (0.92–1.31)	0.298	1.54 (1.19–1.98)	0.001	1.32 (0.72–2.41)	0.368	1.76 (1.17– 2.66)	0.007
Current vs. never	0.43 (0.36–0.51)	<0.0001	0.77 (0.59–0.99)	0.045	0.23 (0.11–0.48)	< 0.0001	0.66 (0.46– 0.94)	0.021
Physical activity
Insufficiently vs. active	1.39 (1.15–1.67)	0.001	1.18 (0.81–1.72)	0.385	1.27 (0.57–2.84)	0.562	1.35 (0.90– 2.02)	0.145
Inactive vs. active	2.91 (2.45–3.45)	<0.0001	1.81 (1.29–2.52)	0.001	1.59 (0.76–3.32)	0.215	1.67 (1.18– 2.38)	0.004
Associated with odds of DM
Education
HS vs. ≥college	1.75 (1.59–1.92)	<0.0001	1.47 (1.22–1.77)	<0.0001	1.22 (0.96–1.55)	0.101	1.76 (1.40– 2.22)	<0.0001
<HS vs. ≥college	2.50 (2.17–2.87)	<0.0001	1.80 (1.43–2.27)	0.003	1.58 (1.13–2.22)	0.008	2.52 (2.02– 3.15)	<0.0001
BMI Groups
Over weight vs. normal	2.18 (1.95–2.43)	<0.0001	1.81 (1.49–2.20)	<0.0001	2.01 (1.53–2.65)	< 0.0001	1.73 (1.40– 2.14)	<0.0001
Obesity vs. normal	5.42 (4.86–6.04)	<0.0001	3.22 (2.68–3.87)	<0.0001	3.78 (2.68–5.35)	< 0.0001	3.34 (2.72– 4.11)	<0.0001
Smoking status
Former vs. never	1.26 (1.16–1.37)	<0.0001	1.64 (1.39–1.93)	<0.0001	1.20 (0.90–1.62)	0.217	1.66 (1.40– 1.96)	<0.0001
Current vs. never	0.99 (0.89–1.11)	0.844	0.95 (0.80–1.14)	0.610	0.87 (0.59–1.29)	0.501	1.09 (0.88– 1.37)	0.433
Alcohol consumption
Former vs. never	1.09 (0.98–1.21)	0.121	1.42 (1.17–1.72)	<0.001	1.20 (0.84–1.70)	0.316	1.35 (1.12– 1.64)	0.002
Current vs. never	0.51 (0.47–0.56)	<0.0001	0.71 (0.62–0.83)	<0.0001	0.63 (0.48–0.84)	0.001	0.68 (0.58– 0.81)	<0.0001
Physical activity
Insufficiently vs. active	1.49 (1.35–1.63)	<0.0001	1.23 (1.00–1.50)	0.047	1.52 (1.10–2.08)	0.010	1.12 (0.92– 1.37)	0.260
Inactive vs. active	1.99 (1.81–2.19)	<0.0001	1.45 (1.23–1.72)	<0.0001	1.94 (1.42–2.65)	< 0.0001	1.38 (1.17– 1.63)	<0.001

NH, non-hispanic; HBP, hypertension; CHD, coronary heart disease; HS, high school; BMI, body mass index (kg/m²).