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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 May 21.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Cancer Res. 2015 May 21;128:235–262. doi: 10.1016/bs.acr.2015.04.011

Figure 1. Crosstalk between the tumor macroenvironment and microenvironment result in dissemination and metastatic spread.

Figure 1

CXCR4 and VCAM-1 expressing tumor cells are recruited out of the tumor microenvironment and into the macroenvironment due high levels of CXCL12 expression in certain tissues. VCAM-1 helps tether tumor cells to tissue-associated macrophages which aide in the survival of tumor cells. VEGF R1 expressing immature myeloid cells are recruited out of the tumor environment by VEGF, TGFβ and IL-6, where they home to distal organs to set up a pre-metastatic niche for disseminated tumor cells. MDSC and immature myeloid cells are recruited from the bone marrow into the tumor microenvironment to impair effective anti-tumor immunity and aide tumor growth and dissemination.