Table 1.

Advances in oncolytic virotherapy.

Conventional genetic engineering
Transduction
Modification of surface proteins with tumor specific markers	[5]
Modification of viral envelope proteins	[6]
Transcription; tumor-specific promoter/enhancer	[7–10]
Engineering of Armed OV
Integration with sequences coding for enzyme, protein, short-hairpin	[11]
RNAs tumor suppressor or suicide genes	[12,13]
Co-stimulatory molecule; CD ligand	[14]
ECM-degrading genes	[15–18]
Immunostimulatory cytokines; interleukin, GM-CSF	[19–21]
Inhibitor of angiogenesis	[22,23]
Increase susceptibility of infected cells to chemo and radiotherapy	[24]
miRNA, siRNA	[25,26]
Hybrid engineering
Tumor-associated antigen (Oncolytic vaccine)	[27,28]
Cell vehicle
Tumor-infiltrating cells; macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells	[29,30]
MSC	[31,32]
Cytokine gene modified cell	[33]
T cell based	[34]
Co-administration of chemotherapeutics	[35–38]

ECM; Extracellular matrix, GM-CSF; Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, MSC; Mesenchymal stem cell.