Table 1. Baseline characteristics of youth with T1DM by beverage intake groups.
| Sweetened beverage | Diet beverage | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|||||||
| None (n = 902) | <1 Glass/day (n = 600) | 1 Glass/day or more (n = 304) | P-value | None (n = 192) | <1 Glass/day (n = 614) | 1 Glass/day or more (n = 986) | P-value | |
| Age, years | 14.6 ± 3.1 | 14.8 ± 3.0 | 15.6 ± 3.1 | <0.01 | 15.1 ± 3.2 | 14.1 ± 3.0 | 15.3 ± 3.0 | <0.01 |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Females | 482 (55) | 287 (32) | 113 (13) | <0.01 | 101 (12) | 324 (37) | 450 (51) | 0.01 |
| Males | 420 (45) | 313 (34) | 191 (21) | 91 (10) | 290 (32) | 536 (58) | ||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| Asian/Pacific islanders | 33 (54) | 20 (33) | 8 (13) | <0.01a | 6 (10) | 24 (39) | 31 (51) | 0.88a |
| African American | 47 (34) | 47 (34) | 43 (32) | 17 (12) | 40 (30) | 78 (58) | ||
| Hispanic | 97 (52) | 58 (31) | 31 (17) | 21 (12) | 63 (34) | 99 (54) | ||
| Native American | 4 (31) | 6 (46) | 3 (23) | 0 (0) | 4 (31) | 9 (69) | ||
| Non-Hispanic white | 721 (51) | 469 (33) | 219 (16) | 148 (11) | 483 (34) | 769 (55) | ||
| Parent education | ||||||||
| More than high school | 863 (50) | 579 (33) | 292 (17) | 0.71 | 182 (11) | 595 (34) | 948 (55) | 0.27 |
| High school graduate or less | 36 (54) | 19 (29) | 11 (17) | 10 (16) | 17 (28) | 34 (56) | ||
| Diabetes duration | ||||||||
| 12 + months | 748 (48) | 519 (34) | 282 (18) | <0.01 | 160 (10) | 509 (33) | 867 (57) | 0.01 |
| 6–11 months | 154 (60) | 81 (31) | 22 (9) | 32 (13) | 105 (41) | 119 (46) | ||
| Watching TV | ||||||||
| <2 h per day | 420 (52) | 280 (35) | 109 (13) | <0.01 | 98 (12) | 333 (41) | 375 (47) | <0.01 |
| 2 + h per day | 476 (48) | 314 (32) | 193 (20) | 91 (9) | 277 (29) | 604 (62) | ||
| Team sports | ||||||||
| Boys 0–1 team | 306 (47) | 211 (33) | 129 (20) | 68 (11) | 187 (29) | 385 (60) | 0.05 | |
| 2 + teams | 114 (41) | 102 (37) | 62 (22) | 0.20 | 23 (8) | 103 (37) | 151 (55) | |
| Girls 0–1 teams | 359 (57) | 186 (30) | 83 (13) | 76 (12) | 207 (33) | 341 (55) | <0.01 | |
| 2 + teams | 123 (48) | 101 (40) | 30 (12) | 0.01 | 25 (10) | 117 (47) | 109 (43) | |
| Skipping insulin | ||||||||
| 1 per week or more | 89 (43) | 71 (34) | 49 (23) | 27 (13) | 54 (26) | 128 (61) | 0.03 | |
| 1–3 per month | 182 (48) | 131 (34) | 67 (18) | 43 (11) | 119 (32) | 215 (57) | ||
| Never | 622 (52) | 388 (32) | 186 (16) | 0.03 | 117 (10) | 433 (36) | 636 (54) | |
| Treatment | ||||||||
| Pump | 185 (47) | 133 (34) | 77 (19) | 43 (11) | 148 (38) | 202 (51) | 0.22 | |
| Insulin injections | 709 (51) | 460 (33) | 225 (16) | 0.21 | 147 (11) | 460 (33) | 776 (56) | |
| BMI z-score | 0.64 ± 0.90 | 0.60 ± 0.83 | 0.58 ± 0.94 | 0.51 | 0.56 ± 0.81 | 0.56 ± 0.85 | 0.66 ± 0.91 | 0.08 |
| Total energy intake, kcal/dayb | ||||||||
| Males | 1,934 ± 751 | 2,139 ± 846 | 2,710 ± 1,324 | <0.01 | 2,249 ± 1,196 | 1,974 ± 736 | 2,254 ± 1,031 | <0.01 |
| Females | 1,564 ± 664 | 1,759 ± 676 | 2,231 ± 1,038 | <0.01 | 1,677 ± 664 | 1,626 ± 725 | 1,778 ± 793 | 0.02 |
Mean ± standard deviation, number of observations (row percent)
a
Chi-square test was performed after combining Asian/Pacific islanders and Native Americans due to low cell frequencies in these groups
b
Estimated with a food frequency questionnaire