Table 2.
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VERY BAD | ||||||||||||
Country (Denmark) | ||||||||||||
Austria | 0.668*** | 0.751*** | 0.590*** | |||||||||
Germany | 0.455*** | 0.567*** | 0.437*** | |||||||||
Sweden | 0.553** | 0.416*** | 0.378*** | |||||||||
Netherlands | 0.850* | 1.207** | 0.877 | |||||||||
Spain | 0.443*** | 1.141 | 0.974 | |||||||||
Italy | 0.372*** | 1.453 | 1.603* | |||||||||
France | 0.665*** | 0.881 | 0.829** | |||||||||
Greece | 0.849* | 1.634*** | 1.379*** | |||||||||
Switzerland | 1.900*** | 2.080*** | 1.437*** | |||||||||
Belgium | 0.941 | 1.194* | 1.222** | |||||||||
Age | 0.943*** | 0.999 | 1.031*** | |||||||||
Education | 0.938 | 1.045** | ||||||||||
Female | 0.908** | 2.123*** | ||||||||||
Marital Status (Married/Partnership) | ||||||||||||
Divorced/Separated/Never married | 0.896 | 0.983 | ||||||||||
Widowed | 0.889* | 1.079 | ||||||||||
ln(Income) | 1.034* | 1.072*** | ||||||||||
ln(Worth) | 1.347*** | 1.142 | ||||||||||
Employed | 6.642*** | 3.226*** | ||||||||||
ln(Verbal fluency) | 1.480*** | 1.712*** | ||||||||||
Memory | 1.059*** | 1.026* | ||||||||||
Numeracy (Null) | ||||||||||||
Low | 1.280** | 1.273** | ||||||||||
Medium-High | 1.549*** | 1.353*** | ||||||||||
Self-reported reading skills | 1.240*** | 1.220*** | ||||||||||
Self-reported writing skills | 1.285*** | 1.108** | ||||||||||
ln(Symptoms) | 0.453*** | |||||||||||
Chronic conditions | 0.884** | |||||||||||
Ever depressed (yes/no) | 0.809*** | |||||||||||
ADL limitations (yes/no) | 0.697*** | |||||||||||
IADL limitations (yes/no) | 0.599*** | |||||||||||
Functional limitations | 0.734*** | |||||||||||
Constant | 264.154*** | 9.490*** | 46.190*** | |||||||||
BAD | ||||||||||||
Sweden | 0.663*** | 0.487*** | 0.458*** | |||||||||
Italy | 1.128 | 1.061 | ||||||||||
Age | 0.990* | 1.023*** | ||||||||||
Education | 0.973 | |||||||||||
Employed | 3.241*** | 2.165*** | ||||||||||
Female | 1.815*** | |||||||||||
Chronic conditions | 0.804*** | |||||||||||
Constant | 38.713*** | 1.667*** | 6.855*** | |||||||||
FAIR | ||||||||||||
Sweden | 0.756*** | 0.574*** | 0.565*** | |||||||||
Italy | 0.830* | 0.625*** | ||||||||||
Age | 0.983*** | 1.012*** | ||||||||||
Education | 1.028 | |||||||||||
Employed | 2.204*** | 1.808*** | ||||||||||
Female | 1.357*** | |||||||||||
Chronic conditions | 0.625*** | |||||||||||
Constant | 5.656*** | 0.258*** | 1.042 | |||||||||
GOOD | ||||||||||||
Sweden | 1.603*** | 1.412*** | 1.627*** | |||||||||
Italy | 0.697*** | 0.558*** | ||||||||||
Age | 0.967*** | 0.991* | ||||||||||
Education | 1.081*** | |||||||||||
Employed | 1.377*** | 1.164* | ||||||||||
Female | 1.058 | |||||||||||
Chronic conditions | 0.526*** | |||||||||||
Constant | 0.512*** | 0.026*** | 0.087*** | |||||||||
R^2 | 0.0542 | 0.1142 | 0.2550 | |||||||||
Log pseudolikelihood | −31488 | −29490 | −24803 | |||||||||
BIC | 63169 | 59437 | 50156 | |||||||||
N | 25736 | 25736 | 25736 |
p<0.05
p<0.01
p<0.001
All models include control variables for survey design effects and calibrated individual weights.
We report robust standard errors that correct for both heteroskedasiticy and clustering (Froot, 1989; Rogers, 1993).
Bold-italics type indicates whether a specific coefficient is significantly different from the comparable shaded coefficient reported in the top panel.
The coefficients of variables that do not meet the proportionality assumption are shaded gray.