Fig 3. Expression of toxins arrests or delays growth upon induction, but none of the toxins is required for growth.

(A) WT and strains lacking single or (B) multiple TA loci grow similarly in rich media. (C) Induction of the toxins relE, relE-3, sehA, shpAB* or vapC arrested or delayed S. Typhimurium growth in broth. (D) Expression of corresponding antitoxins with toxins reduced the growth delay. For C and D, overnight cultures were diluted and grown at 37°C for 2 hours, exposed to L-arabinose (0.2%) at Time 0, and monitored by absorbance at OD₆₀₀. Strains carrying plasmid pBAD₃₃ or pBAD₂₄ were used for comparison; only growth of the strain containing pBAD₃₃ is shown because the two vector containing strains grew similarly. Mean of > 3 independent experiments are shown; error bars denote SEM.