Table 4. Factors associated with carriage of ESBL and AmpC β-lactamases genes in E. coli.
| Strata | ESBL | AmpC β-lactamase | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P a | OR b | 95%CI b | P b | P a | OR b | 95%CI b | P b | |
| Study year (using TSAR III [2002] as baseline) | ||||||||
| TSAR IV (2004) | 0.456 | 0.77 | 0.39–1.52 | NS | 0.116 | 1.64 | 0.88–3.05 | NS |
| TSAR V (2006) | 0.135 | 0.55 | 0.27–1.13 | NS | 0.031 | 1.85 | 1.02–3.38 | 0.044 |
| TSAR VI (2008) | 0.287 | 1.31 | 0.73–2.35 | NS | <0.001 | 2.68 | 1.52–4.72 | <0.001 |
| TSAR VII (2010) | 0.019 | 1.81 | 1.05–3.14 | 0.034 | <0.001 | 3.30 | 1.90–5.74 | <0.001 |
| TSAR VIII (2012) | <0.001 | 3.02 | 1.79–5.10 | <0.001 | 0.003 | 2.21 | 1.26–3.87 | 0.006 |
| Age groups (using Pediatric as baseline) | ||||||||
| Adult patients | 0.776 | 0.98 | 0.54–1.78 | NS | 0.354 | 1.27 | 0.71–2.27 | NS |
| Elderly patients | 0.007 | 1.93 | 1.09–3.42 | 0.024 | <0.001 | 2.84 | 1.62–4.98 | <0.001 |
| Specimen types (using urine as baseline) | ||||||||
| Blood | 0.932 | 0.277 | ||||||
| Others | 0.744 | 0.295 | ||||||
| Geographic region (using eastern region as baseline) | ||||||||
| Northern | 0.98 | 1.02 | 0.59–4.27 | NS | 0.461 | 1.24 | 0.77–2.00 | NS |
| Central | <0.001 | 2.56 | 1.53–1.76 | <0.001 | 0.006 | 1.99 | 1.25–3.17 | 0.004 |
| Southern | 0.097 | 1.63 | 0.96–2.75 | NS | 0.014 | 1.80 | 1.13–2.86 | 0.014 |
a P value by univariate analysis. Only variables having statistical significant difference by univariate analysis were subject to multivariate analysis.
b P value by multivariate analysis; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval