Figure 5. Expression levels of photosynthetic genes over a diurnal cycle under submerged (SC) and terrestrial conditions (TC).

Juvenile and green leaves were harvested every three hours during the daytime (white) and night (black), under TC and SC, respectively. In total, nine photosynthetic genes were identified, including PEPC, PPCK and MDH for CAM mode; Rubisco, GADPH, GAPA, PRK and PGK for C₃ mode; and V-ATPase associated with malate accumulation via the electrochemical channel of tonoplast. The plots were conducted using the ggplot2 module in R program.