Fig. 2.

E-liquid effects on stress response pathway induction. Transgenic reporter strains containing promoter::GFP fusion proteins were used to measure induction of five canonical signaling pathways by the transcription factors shown in the table. The highlighted signaling pathway mediated by the worm Nrf-2 ortholog, the detoxification/antioxidant response factor SKN-1, is activated in response to e-liquids as shown in panels A-F. Transgenic worms expressing the SKN-1 reporter gst-4::GFP were grown from embryos on NGM agar plates supplemented with a) 10 mM paraquat as a positive control, b, e) reference controls c, f) PG (PG) or d, g) V2 Red e-liquid (R), in the b-d) absence or e-g) presence of nicotine (N), as indicated. The images shown are representative from several experimental replicates and were acquired and processed using identical settings. Average fold induction is indicated on the upper right corner of each panel. The scale bar is 200 μm