Table 3. Incidence rate ratios for push and pull observed marketing of tobacco, 16 countries, 2009–2012.

Group	IRR (95% CI)a
	Tobacco outletsb	Tobacco advertisementsb
Community type
Urban	1	1
Rural	0.73 (0.63–0.85)	0.40 (0.26–0.60)
Country income groupc
High	1	1
Upper-middle	1.29 (0.67–2.49)	3.96 (0.30–52.88)
Lower-middle	2.52 (1.23–5.17)	4.68 (0.26–85.00)
Low	2.58 (1.17–5.67)	80.98 (4.15–1578.42)

CI: confidence interval; IRR: incidence rate ratio.

^a Derived from negative binomial multilevel regression models.

^b Based on the mean numbers of outlets and advertisements observed during a kilometre-long audit walk in each community.

^c Countries were categorized according to the World Bank’s 2006 classification.¹¹