Table 3.
Comparison of non-urologic, psychosocial, and quality of life measures (adjusted)*, ** statistical significance.
| Men (n = 191) | Women (n = 233) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neither (n = 47) |
Either (n = 66) |
Both (n = 78) |
p value (3 group trend) |
Neither (n = 27) |
Either (n = 68) |
Both (n = 138) |
p value (3 group trend) |
|
| NUAS (Non-Urologic Associated Syndromes) | ||||||||
| Irritable bowel syndrome | 7 (14.9%) | 16 (24.2%) | 28 (35.9%) | 0.010** | 6 (22.2%) | 19 (27.9%) | 51 (37.0%) | 0.060 |
| Fibromyalgia | 2 (4.3%) | 5 (7.6%) | 2 (2.6%) | 0.416 | 2 (7.4%) | 6 (8.8%) | 21 (15.2%) | 0.196 |
| Chronic fatigue syndrome | 1 (2.1%) | 3 (4.5%) | 5 (6.4%) | 0.214 | 6 (8.8%) | 34 (24.6%) | <.001** | |
| Any one of the above NUAS? | 9 (19.1%) | 20 (30.3%) | 30 (38.5%) | 0.026 | 8 (29.6%) | 24 (35.3%) | 71 (51.4%) | 0.007** |
| More than one of the above NUAS? | 1 (2.1%) | 3 (4.5%) | 4 (5.1%) | 0.425 | 5 (7.4%) | 28 (20.3%) | 0.003** | |
| Somatic Symptom Burden | ||||||||
| CMSI: last year | 6.8 (5.2) | 9.1 (4.8) | 10.4 (5.6) | <.001** | 11.0 (7.6) | 10.9 (7.3) | 14.4 (8.6) | 0.004** |
| CMSI: lifetime | 9.0 (10.0) | 10.6 (9.5) | 9.6 (9.5) | 0.669 | 11.2 (7.4) | 9.1 (8.6) | 9.9 (8.7) | 0.853 |
| Brief Pain Inventory | ||||||||
| Pain severity (0–10) | 3.2 (1.7) | 3.7 (2.1) | 4.1 (2.1) | 0.009** | 3.7 (1.9) | 4.2 (2.2) | 4.4 (1.8) | 0.147 |
| Pain interference (0–10) | 2.5 (2.3) | 2.9 (2.4) | 4.0 (2.6) | <.001** | 2.9 (2.5) | 3.9 (3.0) | 4.6 (2.8) | 0.009** |
| Number of body sites with pain checked on the body map (0–45) | 4.4 (3.2) | 3.9 (3.5) | 4.6 (4.3) | 0.678 | 6.1 (8.0) | 6.1 (6.5) | 7.8 (8.4) | 0.155 |
| SF-12 | ||||||||
| Physical Health (0–100) | 52.4 (8.4) | 51.7 (8.5) | 47.4 (9.2) | 0.002** | 47.9 (10.3) | 47.2 (10.0) | 43.6 (11.0) | 0.010** |
| Mental Health (0–100) | 46.0 (11.0) | 43.9 (10.1) | 43.7 (11.5) | 0.281 | 49.1 (8.1) | 44.8 (10.0) | 41.7 (10.4) | 0.003** |
| PROMIS | ||||||||
| Fatigue T Score (29.4–83.2) | 50.7 (6.9) | 52.5 (5.7) | 53.5 (7.4) | 0.031 | 52.7 (6.4) | 53.7 (6.9) | 56.8 (7.3) | 0.002** |
| Sleep disturbance (28.9–76.5) | 50.0 (7.5) | 53.1 (8.7) | 54.0 (9.5) | 0.031 | 53.8 (7.8) | 53.6 (9.5) | 57.4 (9.3) | 0.015 |
| Anger (32.4–85.2) | 53.3 (7.5) | 52.2 (8.8) | 55.5 (8.5) | 0.101 | 51.5 (9.0) | 52.8 (8.6) | 55.3 (9.4) | 0.060 |
| HADS | ||||||||
| Depression (0–21) | 4.6 (3.5) | 4.9 (3.5) | 6.5 (4.7) | 0.009** | 3.7 (3.6) | 4.7 (3.9) | 6.0 (4.5) | 0.007** |
| Anxiety (0–21) | 6.7 (3.8) | 7.1 (4.4) | 8.1 (4.5) | 0.055 | 6.3 (4.2) | 7.5 (4.2) | 8.4 (5.0) | 0.109 |
| PANAS | ||||||||
| Positive affect (5–50) | 31.4 (6.8) | 30.8 (7.2) | 29.8 (7.8) | 0.308 | 31.9 (7.3) | 29.4 (7.6) | 28.7 (8.1) | 0.196 |
| Negative affect (5–50) | 19.6 (7.2) | 20.3 (7.5) | 21.6 (7.8) | 0.141 | 17.5 (6.9) | 20.6 (7.9) | 22.8 (8.7) | 0.009** |
| Pain Catastrophizing: CSQ, total score (0–36) | 8.7 (6.9) | 9.0 (7.5) | 13.3 (9.5) | <.001** | 11.3 (9.0) | 15.2 (9.3) | 14.2 (8.4) | 0.873 |
| Perceived Stress Scale (0–40) | 15.7 (6.7) | 14.0 (6.9) | 16.3 (7.5) | 0.346 | 15.4 (8.1) | 16.4 (7.8) | 18.1 (8.7) | 0.185 |
p-values were adjusted for race in men and for age in women because of demographic differences (see Table 1). To help quantify the size of the differences between the “both” and “neither” groups, we have now included effect size calculations (Cohen’s d) for these comparisons. Cohen’s d value of 0.2 is commonly considered to be the minimal value for a clinically meaningful change. For depression (HADS-D): Cohen’s d = 0.61 for men, 0.44 for women. For pain catastrophizing (CSQ), Cohen’s d = 0.55 for men, 0.32 for women. For fatigue (PROMIS), Cohen’s d = 0.40 for men, 0.61 for women. For negative affect (PANAS), Cohen’s d = 0.26 for men, 0.67 for women. For SF-12 mental health, Cohen’s d = 0.20 for men, 0.79 for women. For many of these measures, the effect sizes are in the moderate range so they are clearly greater than “minimally clinically significant” (> Cohen’s d value of 0.2).
Abbreviations: CMSI = Complex Multiple Symptoms Inventory; CSQ = Coping Strategies Questionnaires; HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; NUAS = non-urologic associated syndrome; PANAS = Positive and Negative Affect Scale; PROMIS = Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System.