Table 1.
Role of β-arrestins in apoptosis
| Signal Inducer | β-arrestin | Role | Mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IGF-1 | 1 | Protective | PI3K-AKT | 154 |
| IL-8/CXCR2 | 1/2 | Protective | MAPK | 155 |
| GPCR (fpR,CXCR2) | 1/2 | Protective | PI3K, MAPK | 156 |
| H2O2 | 1/2, 2 | Protective | ASK-1, ERK/AKT/BAD | 157,158 |
| H2O2 + Angiotensin | 2 | Protective | ERK/AKT/BAD | 158 |
| Morphine | 2 | Protective | AKT | 159 |
| Morphine + HIVgpl20 | 2 | Protective | 160 | |
| TRAIL | 2 | Protective | Hsp27/Src | 161 |
| Resveratrol | 2 | Protective | AKT/GSK3β | 162 |
| Staurosporine | 1 | Protective | PI3K/AKT | 163 |
| Staurosporine + β2-adrenergic agonist | 1/2 | Protective | Hsp27 | 164 |
| GLP1R | 1 | Protective | ERK/bad | 165 |
| GPCR | 2 | Susceptible | Mdm2/p53 | 54 |
| GABAB | 1/2 | Susceptible | JNK | 166 |
| M-CSF withdrawal | 2 | Susceptible | 58 |
The stimuli is mentioned in bold, secondary signaling that is cytoprotective is underlined while the one that further aggravates apoptosis is in italics.