Table 4.
Associations of arsenic exposure with serum concentrations of MMP-2 and MMP-9
| Water Arsenic (μg/L) | ||||
| Low ( 0.03–13.17) | Medium (0.11–133.8) | High (134.12–546) | Per log-transformed water As (μg/L) | |
| (n = 108) | (n = 133) | (n = 132) | ||
| Exp (B) (95 % CI) | Exp (B) (95 % CI) | Exp (B) (95 % CI) | Exp (B) (95 % CI) | |
| GM (GSD)a | 0.56 (7.78) | 21.33 (5.47) | 274.51 (1.51) | - |
| MMP-2 | ||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 Reference group | 1.14 (1.04–1.25) | 1.20 (1.10–1.32) | 1.02 (1.01–1.04) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 Reference group | 1.12 (1.03–1.23) | 1.20 (1.09–1.31) | 1.02 (1.01–1.04) |
| GM (SE)d | 191.90 (1.03) | 219.64 (1.03)f** | 230.67 (1.03)f*** | |
| Adj GM (SE)d | 201.74 (1.05) | 227.01 (1.04)f* | 241.53 (1.04)f** | |
| MMP-9 | ||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 Reference group | 1.32 (1.15–1.50) | 1.33 (1.17–1.52) | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 Reference group | 1.28 (1.12–1.46) | 1.26 (1.13–1.48) | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) |
| GM (SE)e | 41.14 (1.05) | 54.22 (1.05)f*** | 54.65 (1.05)f** | |
| Adj GM (SE)e | 45.60 (1.07) | 58.32 (1.06)f** | 59.15 (1.06)f** | |
| Hair Arsenic (μg/g) | ||||
| Low (0.02–1.62) | Medium (0.01–2.84) | High (2.86–37.24) | Per log-transformed hair As (μg/g) | |
| (n = 108) | (n = 133) | (n = 132) | ||
| Exp (B) (95 % CI) | Exp (B) (95 % CI) | Exp (B) (95 % CI) | Exp (B) (95 % CI) | |
| GM (GSD)b | 0.23 (2.36) | 1.28 (2.28) | 6.4 (1.91) | - |
| MMP-2 | ||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 Reference group | 1.14 (1.04–1.25) | 1.21 (1.10–1.32) | 1.03 (1.009–1.06) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 Reference group | 1.13 (1.03–1.24) | 1.20 (1.09–1.31) | 1.03 (1.006–1.055) |
| GM (SE)d | 191.90 (1.03) | 219.2 (1.03)f* | 231.6 (1.03)f*** | |
| Adj GM (SE)d | 201.34 (1.05) | 227.24 (1.04)f* | 241.05 (1.04)f** | |
| MMP-9 | ||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 Reference group | 1.29 (1.13–1.47) | 1.36 (1.19–1.55) | 1.07 (1.03–1.11) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 Reference group | 1.26 (1.10–1.44) | 1.32 (1.15–1.51) | 1.06 (1.03–1.10) |
| GM (SE)e | 41.14 (1.05) | 53.04 (1.05) f** | 55.87 (1.05) f*** | |
| Adj GM (SE)e | 45.60 (1.07) | 57.40 (1.06)f** | 60.16 (1.06) f** | |
| Nail Arsenic (μg/g) | ||||
| Low (0.03–8.13) | Medium (0.22–6.79) | High (6.91–47.83) | Per log-transformed nail As (μg/g) | |
| (n = 108) | (n = 133) | (n = 132) | ||
| Exp (B) (95 % CI) | Exp (B) (95 % CI) | Exp (B) (95 % CI) | Exp (B) (95 % CI) | |
| GM (GSD)c | 0.80 (2.64) | 3.21 (1.93) | 13.65 (1.54) | - |
| MMP-2 | ||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 Reference group | 1.14 (1.04–1.25) | 1.20 (1.10–1.32) | 1.06 (1.03–1.09) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 Reference group | 1.13 (1.03–1.23) | 1.20 (1.09–1.32) | 1.05 (1.03–1.08) |
| GM (SE)d | 191.90 (1.03) | 219.2 (1.03) f* | 231.60 (1.03) f*** | |
| Adj GM (SE)d | 200.34 (1.05) | 225.65 (1.04)f* | 240.33 (1.04) f** | |
| MMP-9 | ||||
| Model 1 | 1.00 Reference group | 1.30 (1.14–1.48) | 1.35 (1.18–1.54) | 1.08 (1.04– 1.12) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 Reference group | 1.28 (1.12–1.47) | 1.29 (1.13–1.48) | 1.07 (1.02–1.11) |
| GM (SE)e | 41.14 (1.05) | 53.04 (1.05)f** | 55.87 (1.05)f** | |
| Adj GM (SE)e | 45.56 (1.07) | 58.38 (1.06)f** | 58.97 (1.06) f** | |
n = number of study subjects. Study subjects in the non-endemic area were used as low exposure group or reference group. Model 2 adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking and hypertension. Log transformed dependent and independent variables were used. aCategory specific geometric mean (GSD) values of water arsenic. bCategory specific geometric mean (GSD) values of hair arsenic. cCategory specific geometric mean (GSD) values of nail arsenic. dCategory specific geometric mean (SE) values of MMP-2. eCategory specific geometric mean (SE) values of MMP-9. fSignificantly different from low group. ***, p < 0.001; **, p < 0.01; *, p < 0.05