Table 3.

ANOVA results for impacts of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation, previous herbivory and timing of induction on the concentration of aucubin and catalpol in leaves of Plantago lanceolata in the absence of later herbivore feeding

		Aucubin		Catalpol
	df	F	P	F	P
AMF (M)a	1	3.43	0.066	7.17 d	0.008 d
Herbivory (H)b	1	0.15	0.699	0.15	0.695
Time (T)c	1	0.66	0.419	2.49	0.117
M * H	1	2.10	0.150	0.18	0.672
M* T	1	1.06	0.305	1.79	0.183
H * T	1	0.01	0.925	0.01	0.926
M * H * T	1	0.22	0.637	0.19	0.665
Error	127

^aAMF inoculation indicates two treatment groups with vital or autoclaved sterile AMF

^bHerbivory refers to plants that were or were not exposed to a 24 h period of herbivory prior to introduction of bioassay caterpillars

^cTime refers to when plants assigned to previous herbivory treatments were exposed to herbivory or empty clip cages (8, 4, 2, and 1 d before the introduction of bioassay caterpillars)

^dBold values indicate significant effects at P < 0.05