Table 1.
Drug listings on the national essesntial medicines lists of 112 developing countries
| Overall listing n (%) |
Listing by World Bank income category [n (% countries within a category)] |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low (n = 24) |
Lower middle (n = 40) |
Upper middle (n = 37) |
High (n = 8) |
Other1 (n = 3) |
||
| FIRST-LINE MEDICATIONS | ||||||
| TCA | ||||||
| Amitriptyline | 105 (94) | 23 (96) | 38 (95) | 33 (89) | 8 (100) | 3 (100) |
| Clomipramine | 53 (47) | 11 (46) | 21 (52) | 16 (43) | 5 (62) | 0 (0) |
| Desipramine | 2 (2) | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Imipramine2 | 46 (41) | 3 (12) | 17 (42) | 20 (54) | 6 (75) | 0 (0) |
| Nortriptyline | 10 (9) | 1 (4) | 2 (5) | 6 (16) | 1 (12) | 0 (0) |
| SNRI | ||||||
| Duloxetine | 5 (5) | 0 (0) | 3 (8) | 1 (3) | 1 (12) | 0 (0) |
| Venlafaxine | 19 (17) | 0 (0) | 7 (18) | 8 (22) | 4 (50) | 0 (0) |
| α2δ antagonist | ||||||
| Gabapentin2 | 33 (30) | 1 (4) | 10 (25) | 16 (43) | 6 (75) | 0 (0) |
| Pregabalin | 11 (10) | 0 (0) | 3 (8) | 6 (16) | 1 (12) | 1 (33) |
| SECOND-LINE MEDICATIONS | ||||||
| Opioid | ||||||
| Tramadol | 61 (55) | 8 (33) | 19 (48) | 26 (70) | 7 (88) | 1 (33) |
| Topical | ||||||
| 8% capsaicin | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| 5% lidocaine | 22 (20) | 3 (12) | 6 (15) | 9 (24) | 3 (38) | 1 (33) |
| STRONG OPIOID MEDICATIONS | ||||||
| Methadone2 | 34 (30) | 4 (17) | 8 (20) | 16 (43) | 6 (75) | 0 (0) |
| Morphine | 106 (95) | 22 (92) | 40 (100) | 33 (89) | 8 (100) | 3 (100) |
| Oxycodone | 15 (13) | 0 (0) | 4 (10) | 9 (24) | 2 (25) | 0 (0) |
| OTHER ANTICONVULSANT MEDICATIONS | ||||||
| Carbamazepine | 109 (97) | 22 (92) | 40 (100) | 36 (97) | 8 (100) | 3 (100) |
| Oxcarbazepine2 | 15 (13) | 0 (0) | 3 (8) | 8 (22) | 4 (50) | 0 (0) |
| Sodium valproate | 107 (95) | 22 (92) | 40 (100) | 35 (95) | 7 (88) | 3 (100) |
1
Countries not included on the World Bank income list: Cook Islands, Nauru, Niue;
2
p<0.05 for chi-square test for trend (listing vs income category); TCA: Tricyclic antidepressants; SNRI: Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors; α2δ antagonist: α2δ calcium channel antagonists