Table 3.
Creatinine-corrected urine and blood metal concentrations, by subcity—Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2011a.
| Geometric mean (95% confidence interval) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Akaki-Kality | Yeka | US populationb | |
| Urine | ||||
| Antimony (µg/g creat.) | 0.036 (0.031–0.040) | 0.036 (0.031–0.042) | 0.034 (0.028–0.042) | N/A |
| Arsenic (µg/g creat.)∗ | 5.85 (5.39–6.36) | 5.44 (4.99–5.93) | 6.83 (5.74–8.13) | 8.04 (7.07–9.14) |
| Barium (µg/g creat.) | 2.05 (1.72–2.43) | 2.02 (1.62–2.51) | 2.12 (1.62–2.77) | 1.29 (1.17–1.41) |
| Cadmium (µg/g creat.) | 0.127 (0.112–0.144) | 0.133 (0.115–0.156) | 0.116 (0.094–0.143) | 0.220 (0.204–0.237) |
| Cesium (µg/g creat.) | 1.19 (1.12–1.27) | 1.11 (1.02–1.21) | 1.39 (1.28–1.50) | 4.36 (4.15–4.59) |
| Chromium (µg/g creat.) | 0.412 (0.361–0.470) | 0.422 (0.361–0.494) | 0.391 (0.306–0.500) | N/A |
| Cobalt (µg/g creat.) | 1.56 (1.38–1.76) | 1.64 (1.41–1.89) | 1.40 (1.13–1.74) | 0.349 (0.330–0.369) |
| Iodine (µg/L) | 55.1 (48.5–62.5) | 51.4 (44.8–59.0) | 63.4 (49.1–82.0) | N/A |
| Lead (µg/g creat.)∗ | 0.856 (0.779–0.940) | 0.944 (0.842–1.06) | 0.698 (0.600–0.813) | 0.433 (0.402–0.466) |
| Mercury (µg/g creat.)∗ | 0.130 (0.111–0.152) | 0.144 (0.122–0.170) | 0.103 (0.073–0.145) | 0.393 (0.351–0.439) |
| Molybdenum (µg/g creat.)∗ | 111 (99.6–124) | 128 (111–147) | 83.4 (71.4–97.5) | 38.6 (37.1–40.2) |
| Nickel (µg/g creat.) | 8.75 (8.04–9.53) | 8.76 (7.91–9.70) | 8.73 (7.50–10.2) | N/A |
| Thallium (µg/g creat.) | 0.286 (0.254–0.321) | 0.289 (0.248–0.336) | 0.279 (0.234–0.332) | 0.166 (0.155–0.179) |
| Tungsten (µg/g creat.)∗ | 0.184 (0.159–0.212) | 0.216 (0.181–0.259) | 0.131 (0.106–0.162) | 0.074 (0.067–0.083) |
| Uranium (µg/g creat.)∗ | 0.009 (0.008–0.011) | 0.014 (0.012–0.017) | 0.004 (0.003–0.004) | 0.007 (0.006–0.008) |
| Blood | ||||
| Cadmium (µg/L) | 0.233 (0.217–0.249) | 0.226 (0.209–0.243) | 0.250 (0.217–0.288) | 0.337 (0.323–0.353) |
| Lead (µg/dL) | 1.66 (1.53–1.79) | 1.65 (1.51–1.79) | 1.68 (1.42–1.98) | 1.09 (1.03–1.16) |
| Manganese (µg/L) | 9.91 (9.34–10.5) | 9.92 (9.20–10.7) | 9.87 (9.03–10.8) | 9.09 (8.94–9.24) |
| Mercury (µg/L) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.863 (0.753–0.990) |
| Selenium (µg/L) | 157 (152–162) | 159 (153–166) | 153 (146–161) | 193 (190–196) |
aOnly metals detected in 5% or more of samples.
bThe geometric mean and 95% confidence interval among adults (20 years and older) from the 2011-2012 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).
∗ p < 0.05 for maximum likelihood estimation comparing Akaki-Kality and Yeka.
N/A: not calculated; proportion of results below limit of detection was too high to provide a valid result.