Table 2.
Multivariable model examining characteristics associated with all–cause infection–related hospitalization
| Variable | Rate Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | P Value |
|---|---|---|
| Age, yrs | ||
| 18–44 | 1.12 (1.07 to 1.17) | <0.001 |
| 45–64 | Reference | |
| 65–74 | 1.03 (1.00 to 1.06) | 0.08 |
| 75–84 | 1.14 (1.10 to 1.17) | <0.001 |
| ≥85 | 1.30 (1.23 to 1.37) | <0.001 |
| Men | 0.86 (0.84 to 0.88) | <0.001 |
| Race | ||
| White | Reference | |
| Black | 0.82 (0.79 to 0.85) | <0.001 |
| Other | 0.85 (0.80 to 0.90) | <0.001 |
| Hispanic | 0.89 (0.85 to 0.93) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | ||
| <20 | 1.10 (1.06 to 1.15) | <0.001 |
| 20 to <25 | Reference | |
| 25 to <30 | 0.95 (0.92 to 0.98) | <0.001 |
| 30 to <35 | 0.95 (0.91 to 0.98) | 0.002 |
| ≥35 | 1.00 (0.97 to 1.04) | 0.94 |
| Congestive heart failure | 1.09 (1.06 to 1.11) | <0.001 |
| Atherosclerotic heart disease | 1.01 (0.98 to 1.04) | 0.70 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 1.12 (1.08 to 1.16) | <0.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1.10 (1.07 to 1.14) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 0.84 (0.81 to 0.87) | <0.001 |
| History of amputation | 1.19 (1.11 to 1.26) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.16 (1.13 to 1.19) | <0.001 |
| Cancer | 1.20 (1.15 to 1.25) | <0.001 |
| COPD | 1.25 (1.21 to 1.30) | <0.001 |
| Inability to ambulate or transfer | 1.33 (1.27 to 1.39) | <0.001 |
| Vascular access type | ||
| AV fistula | Reference | |
| Catheter | 1.59 (1.53 to 1.65) | <0.001 |
| AV graft | 1.37 (1.28 to 1.45) | <0.001 |
| Other | 1.46 (1.30 to 1.64) | <0.001 |
| eGFR per 5 ml/min per 1.73 m2 | 1.11 (1.10 to 1.12) | <0.001 |
| Albumin concentration, g/dl | ||
| <2.5 | 1.44 (1.35 to 1.53) | <0.001 |
| 2.5 to <3.0 | 1.31 (1.24 to 1.39) | <0.001 |
| 3.0 to <3.5 | 1.21 (1.14 to 1.29) | <0.001 |
| 3.5 to <4.0 | 1.11 (1.05 to 1.18) | <0.001 |
| ≥4 | Reference | |
| Tobacco use, current smoker | 0.98 (0.94 to 1.03) | 0.51 |
| Alcohol dependence | 1.05 (0.95 to 1.15) | 0.35 |
| Drug dependence | 1.26 (1.14 to 1.40) | <0.001 |
| Residence in care facility | 1.51 (1.44 to 1.58) | <0.001 |
| Nephrology care before dialysis initiation, mo | ||
| <6 | 1.04 (1.00 to 1.09) | 0.07 |
| 6–12 | 1.04 (1.01 to 1.07) | 0.02 |
| ≥12 | Reference | |
| None | 1.13 (1.09 to 1.17) | <0.001 |
| Unknown | 1.19 (1.14 to 1.25) | <0.001 |
| RUCA | ||
| Urban | Reference | |
| Large rural | 0.96 (0.91 to 1.00) | 0.04 |
| Small rural | 0.95 (0.90 to 1.00) | 0.04 |
| Isolated small rural | 0.91 (0.86 to 0.97) | 0.003 |
| ESRD network | ||
| 1 | 1.16 (1.03 to 1.30) | 0.01 |
| 2 | 1.14 (1.01 to 1.29) | 0.04 |
| 3 | 1.28 (1.11 to 1.48) | <0.001 |
| 4 | 1.13 (1.01 to 1.27) | 0.04 |
| 5 | 1.28 (1.15 to 1.42) | <0.001 |
| 6 | 1.25 (1.14 to 1.38) | <0.001 |
| 7 | 1.36 (1.23 to 1.51) | <0.001 |
| 8 | 1.20 (1.08 to 1.33) | <0.001 |
| 9 | 1.22 (1.10 to 1.35) | <0.001 |
| 10 | 1.20 (1.08 to 1.35) | 0.001 |
| 11 | 1.15 (1.04 to 1.28) | <0.01 |
| 12 | 1.13 (1.01 to 1.26) | 0.04 |
| 13 | 1.29 (1.16 to 1.44) | <0.001 |
| 14 | 1.15 (1.04 to 1.27) | <0.01 |
| 15 | 1.10 (0.99 to 1.23) | 0.08 |
| 16 | Reference | |
| 17 | 1.10 (0.99 to 1.23) | 0.09 |
| 18 | 1.18 (1.06 to 1.32) | 0.002 |
| Adults ≥25 yrs old who are high school graduates or higher, % | ||
| <50 | Reference | |
| 50–75 | 1.03 (0.92 to 1.16) | 0.60 |
| >75 | 1.01 (0.89 to 1.15) | 0.85 |
| All people below poverty in the past 12 mo, % | ||
| <5 | Reference | |
| 5–9.9 | 0.98 (0.93 to 1.04) | 0.59 |
| 10–14.9 | 0.99 (0.93 to 1.05) | 0.69 |
| 15–19.9 | 1.00 (0.94 to 1.06) | 0.92 |
| 20–24.9 | 1.02 (0.96 to 1.08) | 0.54 |
| ≥25 | 1.04 (0.97 to 1.10) | 0.27 |
| Volume, no. of facility patients | ||
| ≤41 | Reference | |
| 42–63 | 1.04 (0.99 to 1.09) | 0.12 |
| 64–91 | 1.05 (1.00 to 1.11) | 0.05 |
| >91 | 1.04 (0.97 to 1.11) | 0.29 |
| Total no. of nurses and PCTs per five staff increase | 0.99 (0.98 to 1.01) | 0.29 |
| Staff composition per 10% nurse increase | 0.99 (0.98 to 1.00) | 0.10 |
| Home program volume | ||
| None or 0 | Reference | |
| 1–10 | 1.07 (1.03 to 1.11) | <0.001 |
| 11–25 | 1.02 (0.97 to 1.07) | 0.47 |
| ≥26 | 1.00 (0.94 to 1.06) | 0.98 |
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; AV, arteriovenous; RUCA, rural-urban commuting area; PCT, patient care technician.