Table 2.

Strategies used for therapeutic cytokine manipulation

Monoclonal antibody-mediated cytokine immunoneutralization	IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-12, IL-23/IL-23, IL-17, IFN-α
Modified cytokine receptors: competitive inhibitors	CTLA-4, TNF-α Rc
Upstream drugs with efficacy through cytokine attenuation	Syk, S1P, BLyS, JAK
Immunomodulating cytokines as therapeutic agents	IL-10, TGF-β
Cytokine gene therapy	IL-1Ra

CTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4; Rc, receptor; Syk, spleen tyrosine kinase; BLyS, B lymphocyte stimulator; JAK, Janus kinase.