. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Diabetologia. 2015 Nov 2;59(1):101–109. doi: 10.1007/s00125-015-3775-5

Table 2.

Change in sleep duration and change in energy balance factors in the NHS, 1986–2000, n=59,031

Variable	−2 h/day	p value	−1 h/day	p value	0	+1 h/day	p value	+2 h/day	p value
Mean difference in change in AHEI-2010, score: 1986–1998 (95% CI), n=50,462
Age-adjusted	−0.30 (−0.68, 0.09)	0.13	−0.27 (−0.49, −0.05)	0.02	0.00 (Ref.)	−0.05 (−0.27, 0.16)	0.61	0.07 (−0.27, 0.40)	0.69
Multivariable-adj.^a	−0.29 (−0.69, 0.12)	0.16	−0.27 (−0.49, −0.04)	0.02	0.00 (Ref.)	−0.07 (−0.29, 0.15)	0.51	0.04 (−0.31, 0.39)	0.83
+Change in covariates^b	−0.26 (−0.66, 0.14)	0.21	−0.25 (−0.48, −0.03)	0.03	0.00 (Ref.)	−0.04 (−0.26, 0.18)	0.70	0.11 (−0.24, 0.46)	0.53
+Change in BMI^c	−0.25 (−0.65, 0.15)	0.22	−0.26 (−0.48, −0.03)	0.02	0.00 (Ref.)	−0.02 (−0.02, 0.20)	0.84	0.15 (−0.20, 0.49)	0.81
Mean difference in change in METS, h/week: 1986–2000 (95% CI), n=58,885
Age-adjusted	−1.59 (−2.53, −	0.001	−0.56 (−1.11, −0.01)	0.04	0.00 (Ref.)	0.06 (−0.47, 0.58)	0.84	−1.21 (−2.03, −0.39)	0.004
Multivariable-adj.^a	−1.50 (−2.50, −	0.003	−0.57 (−1.13, −0.01)	0.05	0.00 (Ref.)	−0.03 (−0.57, 0.50)	0.90	−1.35 (−2.20, −0.49)	0.002
+Change in covariates^b	−1.22 (−2.21, −0.22)	0.02	−0.42 (−0.97, 0.14)	0.14	0.00 (Ref.)	−0.15 (−0.69, 0.38)	0.57	−1.60 (−2.45, −0.74)	0.003
+Change in BMI^c	−1.16 (−2.15, −	0.02	−0.43 (−0.99, 0.13)	0.13	0.00 (Ref.)	0.08 (−0.62, 0.46)	0.77	−1.44 (−2.29, −0.58)	0.001
Mean difference in change in weight (kg): 1986–2000 (95% CI), n=56,758
Age-adjusted	0.14 (−0.14, 0.43)	0.32	−0.11 (−0.28, 0.05)	0.18	0.00 (Ref.)	0.45 (0.30, 0.61)	<.0001	0.89 (0.64, 1.13)	<0.000
Multivariable-adj.^a	0.21 (−0.09, 0.51)	0.17	−0.09 (−0.26, 0.08)	0.31	0.00 (Ref.)	0.33 (0.16, 0.49)	<.0001	0.55 (0.29, 0.81)	<0.000
+ Change in covariates^b	−0.03 (−0.33, 0.26)	0.82	−0.21 (−0.38, −0.05)	0.01	0.00 (Ref.)	0.31 (0.15, 0.47)	0.0002	0.47 (0.21, 0.72)	0.0003

Adjusted for race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white or other), diabetes family history, shift work history (≥5 years), 1986 values of sleep duration, age, retirement (yes/no), BMI (<20.9, 21–24.9, 25–29.9, 30.0–31.9, 32.0+ kg/m²), high cholesterol or hypertension (yes/no), menopausal status, sleep apnoea (ever-diagnosis), snoring (most nights, some nights or never), antidepressant use, smoking status, alcohol use, diet quality and physical activity

Additionally adjusted for change from 1986 to 2000 in values of retirement, high cholesterol or hypertension, menopausal status, snoring, antidepressant use, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and either AHEI-2010 (when MET h/week was the outcome) or MET h/week (when AHEI-2010 was the outcome)

Additionally adjusted for change in BMI (<20.9, 21–24.9, 25–29.9, 30.0–31.9, 32.0+ kg/m²) from 1986–2000 Adj., adjusted; Ref., reference