Table 3.
Change in sleep duration and subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes, 1986–2000 in the NHS, n=59,031
| Variable | −2 h/day | p value | −1 h/day | p value | 0 h/day | +1 h/day | p value | +2 h/day | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases | 190 | 759 | 1334 | 889 | 341 | ||||
| Person-years | 32,306 | 131,534 | 255,889 | 149,769 | 42,912 | ||||
| Adjusted for age & sleep in 1986a | 1.18 (1.01, 1.39) | 0.04 | 1.13 (1.03, 1.24) | 0.01 | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.09 (1.00, 1.19) | 0.05 | 1.40 (1.23, 1.58) | <0.0001 |
| + Covariates in 1986b | 1.10 (0.94, 1.30) | 0.23 | 1.10 (1.003, 1.20) | 0.04 | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.09 (1.00, 1.19) | 0.06 | 1.30 (1.15, 1.47) | <0.0001 |
| + AHEI-2010 score and METs/week in 1986c | 1.09 (0.93, 1.28) | 0.28 | 1.10 (1.001, 1.20) | 0.048 | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.09 (1.00, 1.18) | 0.06 | 1.30 (1.14, 1.46) | <0.0001 |
| + BMI in 1986d | 1.07 (0.91, 1.25) | 0.44 | 1.09 (0.99, 1.19) | 0.08 | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.07 (0.98, 1.16) | 0.15 | 1.22 (1.08, 1.38) | 0.002 |
| + Change in covariatese | 1.02 (0.87, 1.20) | 0.80 | 1.07 (0.98, 1.17) | 0.14 | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.05 (0.96, 1.15) | 0.25 | 1.18 (1.04, 1.33) | 0.01 |
| + Change in BMIf | 1.03 (0.87, 1.20) | 0.76 | 1.08 (0.98, 1.18) | 0.10 | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.04 (0.95, 1.13) | 0.46 | 1.15 (1.01, 1.30) | 0.03 |
Data are HR (95% CI) for type 2 diabetes
Adjusted for categorical sleep duration in 1986 (≤5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or ≥10 h/day)
Adjusted for race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white or other), diabetes family history, retirement (yes/no), shift work history (≥5 years) and 1986 values of high cholesterol or hypertension (yes/no), menopausal status (premenopausal, post-menopausal current, former or never hormone user), sleep apnoea (ever-diagnosis), snoring (most nights, some nights or never), antidepressant use, smoking status (current, former or never), alcohol consumption in quintiles, diet quality (AHEI-2010) when the dependent variable is physical activity, and physical activity (MET h/week) when the dependent variable is diet quality
Additionally adjusted for quintile of change in AHEI-2010 and MET h/week in 1986
Additionally adjusted for BMI (<20.9, 21–24.9, 25–29.9, 30.0–31.9, 32.0+ kg/m2) in 1986
Additionally adjusted for change in high cholesterol or hypertension, menopausal, snoring, antidepressant use, smoking and alcohol use, AHEI-2010 and MET h/week from 1986–2000
Additionally adjusted for quintile of change in BMI from 1986–2000