Table 1.
Effect of diet-derived compounds on intestinal permeability.
| Dietary antigens | Effect on permeability | TER measurement | Mechanisms of action | Models of study | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AMINO ACIDS | |||||
| Gln | Decreased | Increased | Unknown | Caco2 cell line | (66) |
| Gln deprivation | Increased | Not determined | Reduction of occludin, claudin-1, and ZO-1/redistribution of claudin-1 and occludin | Caco2 cell line | (67) |
| Trp | Decreased | Increased | Unknown | Caco2 cell line | (70) |
| PEPTIDES | |||||
| β-casein | Decreased | Increased | Increase occludin expression | Caco2 cell line | (71) |
| β-lactoglobulin | Decreased | Increased | Modifications into the cytoskeletal structure | Caco2 cell line | (72) |
| VITAMINS | |||||
| Vitamin D | Decreased | Increased (in Caco2 cell line) | Enhancement of claudin-1, ZO-1 and E-cadherin proteins expression | SW480-Caco2 cell lines/VDR+/+ and VDR−/− in C57BL6 background | (73) |
| Retinol (vitamin A) | Decreased | Increased | Neutralization Clostridium difficile toxin A | Caco2 cell line | (74) |
| POLYPHENOLS | |||||
| Quercetin | Decreased | Increased | Increase in claudin-4 expression and in ZO-2, occludin and claudin-1 assembly | Caco2 cell line | (75, 76) |
| Kaempferol | Decreased | Increased | Promotion of ZO-1/2, occludin and claudin-1/3/4 cytoskeletal association | Caco2 cell line | (77) |
| Genistein | Decreased | Increased | Inhibition of the redistribution and the dissociation of occludin/ZO-1 complex | Caco2 cell line | (78, 79) |
| Decreased | Increased | Inhibition of TNFα-mediated effects | HT-29/B6 cell line | (99) | |
| EGCG | Decreased | Increased | Inhibition of INFγ-mediated effects | T84 cell line | (98) |
| Curcumin | Decreased | Increased | Inhibition of TNFα- and IL-1β-mediated effects | Caco2 cell line | (100, 101) |
| DITERPENE GLYCOSIDE | |||||
| Capsianoside | Increased | Decreased | Changes in F/G actin ratio | Caco2 cell line | (92) |
| LCFAs | |||||
| EPA and DHA | Increased | Decreased | Protein kinase C regulation/unknown | Caco2 cell line | (84, 85) |
| Decreased | Increased | Reduction of IL-4-mediated permeability | T84 cell line | (86) | |
| MCFA | |||||
| Capric acid | Increased | Decreased | Redistribution of occludin and ZO-1/MLCK activation | Caco2 cell line | (87) |
| Lauric acid | Increased | Decreased | MLCK activation | Caco2 cell line | (88) |
| SCFAs | |||||
| Acetic and propionic acids | Decreased | Increased | Activation of PI3K | Caco2/T84 cell lines | (90) |
| MINERALS | |||||
| Zinc depletion | Increased | Decreased | Redistribution of occludin, ZO-1, E-cadherin, and β-catenin and F-actin | Caco2 cell line | (93) |
| ALCOHOLS | |||||
| Ethanol | Increased | Decreased | Redistribution of occludin and ZO1/MLCK activation | Caco2 cell line | (94) |
| Acetaldehyde | Increased | Decreased | Loss of interaction between occludin/ZO-1 and β-catenin/E-cadherin by a tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent mechanism | Caco2 cell line/Sprague-Dawley rats and C3H/He mice | (79, 95–97) |
| Chitosan | Increased | Decreased | Redistribution of ZO-1 and F-actin distribution | Caco2 cell line | (91) |