Table 1.
Basic characteristics of included randomized controlled trials.
| References | Country | CKD stages | Sample (T/C) | Age (T/C, years old) | Intervention |
Outcomes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T | C | ||||||
| [18] | Japan | – | 23/23 | 61.5 ± 11.2/58.9 ± 14.5 | CBT + CT | CT | 1,2,4,5,6 |
| [21] | USA | 3b–4 | 30/38 | 68.4 ± 6.6/67.2 ± 8.3 | CBT + CT | CT | 10,11 |
| [19] | Brazil | – | 19/19 | 57.94 ± 2.74/58.07 ± 5.22 | RT + CT | CT | 1,2,3,5,6,7,8,10 |
| [22] | China | – | 43/43 | 51.11 ± 4.32/51.62 ± 4.36 | CBT + CT | AT | 1,5,6,10 |
| [20] | China | 1–4 | 36/36 | 58.32 ± 5.61/57.18 ± 5.13 | CBT + CT | AT | 1,2,4,11 |
| [23] | Brazil | 2 | 30/30 | 58 ± 9/57 ± 6 | RT + CT | CT | 1,4,5,6 |
| [27] | Japan | 3–4 | 27/26 | 78.4 ± 6.4/78.1 ± 7.4 | CBT + CT | CT | 1,2 |
| [25] | Brazil | 2 | 35/35 | 58.09 ± 6.26/57.60 ± 5.22 | RT + CT | CT | 1,4 |
| [28] | Japan | 4 | 23/23 | – | CBT + CT | CT | 4 |
| [24] | Brazil | 2 | 35/35 | 58 ± 6/58 ± 5 | RT + CT | CT | 1,2,3 |
| [26] | China | 1–4 | 42/42 | 59.32 ± 3.26/59.28 ± 3.28 | CBT + CT | CT | 2,3 |
| [29] | China | – | 67/68 | 70.71 ± 7.56/72.51 ± 6.89 | AT + CT | CT | 1,2,5,6 |
| [30] | Australia | 3–4 | 56/57 | 58.8 ± 9.7/62.1 ± 8.6 | AT + CT | CT | 4,5,6,11 |
| [31] | USA | 3–5 | 16/15 | 55 ± 13/62 ± 9 | AT + CT | CT | 5,6,11 |
| [33] | Brazil | 3–4 | 76/74 | 65 ± 1.2/65.1 ± 1.3 | CBT + CT | CT | 1,5,6,7 |
| [32] | Brazil | 3–4 | (13/12)/15 | (56.3 ± 7.9/56 ± 8.3)/54.3 ± 8.7 | AT + CT | CT | 1,3,4,5,6,10,11 |
| [35] | UK | 3–5 | 20/21 | 63 (51–69)/63 (58–71) | CBT + CT | AT | 5,6,11 |
| [34] | China | 2–3 | 20/20/20 | (47.5 ± 5.6/51.6 ± 6.1)/49.2 ± 6.3 | AT + CT / CBT + CT | CT | 1,2,10 |
| [41] | China | 2–3 | 35/35 | 50.89 ± 4.78/50.91 ± 3.69 | AT + CT | CT | 2,3,11 |
| [38] | China | Early stage | 30/30 | 48.3 ± 10.7/49.1 ± 9.3 | RT + CT | AT | 1,2,7,8 |
| [40] | China | 1–3 | 42/42 | – | AT + CT | CT | 10 |
| [39] | USA | 3 | 28/23 | – | AT + CT | CT | 1,4,7,8,11 |
| [37] | Japan | 3–4 | 18/18 | 69.0 ± 6.8/67.8 ± 6.9 | CBT + CT | CT | 1 |
| [36] | USA | 3 | 25/21 | 58 ± 8/57.1 ± 9 | AT + CT | CT | 5,6 |
| [42] | USA | 2–4 | 18/18 | 65.4 ± 8.7/66.6 ± 7.5 | CBT + CT | CT | 1,4,5,6,7,8,10,11 |
| [43] | China | 2–3 | 29/29/29 | (48.50 ± 3.51/48.21 ± 3.62)/48.00 ± 3.62 | AT + CT/CBT + CT | CT | 1,2,3,5,6,7,8 |
| [46] | Australia | 3–4 | 36/36 | 60.2 ± 9.7/62 ± 8.4 | CBT + CT | CT | 1,2,4,5,6,7,10 |
| [45] | UK | 3–4 | 10/10 | 53.58 ± 13.5/53.3 ± 12.9 | CBT + CT | CT | 1,4,5,6,7,11 |
| [44] | Brazil | 3–4 | 14/15 | 55.9 ± 7.7/54.3 ± 8.7 | AT + CT | CT | 1,2,4,5,6,10,11 |
| [47] | Belgium | 3–4 | 25/23 | 51.5 ± 11.8/54.7 ± 14.1 | AT + CT | CT | 1,4,5,6,7,11 |
| [49] | USA | 3 | 28/23 | 58 ± 8/57.1 ± 9 | AT + CT | CT | 4,5,6,11 |
| [50] | China | – | 11/10 | 69.5 ± 6.9/68.4 ± 8.7 | AT + CT | CT | 1,2,5,6,7,8 |
| [48] | Brazil | 3–4 | (10/9)/10 | (52.1 ± 11.4/50.8 ± 7.7)/53.4 ± 9.6 | AT + CT | CT | 1,4,10,11 |
| [51] | UK | 2–4 | 14/11 | 57.5 ± 11.5/52.5 ± 10.6 | AT + CT | CT | 1,3,4,5,6,7,11 |
| [52] | USA | 2–4 | 10/11 | 57.5 ± 11.5/52.5 ± 10.6 | CBT + CT | CT | 2,4,11 |
| [53] | Canada | 3–4 | 10/10 | 64 ± 13.33/72.5 ± 14.81 | AT + CT | CT | 11 |
CKD: chronic kidney disease; T: exercise therapy group; C: control group; AT: aerobic exercise therapy; RT: resistance exercise therapy; CBT: combined (Resistance-Aerobic) exercise therapy; CT: conventional therapy; 1: eGFR; 2: Scr; 3: 24hUTP; 4: BMI; 5: SBP; 6: DBP; 7: TC; 8: TG; 9: HbA1c; 10: 6MWT; 11: VO2 peak