Table 1. Population characteristics in childhood and adulthood by race and gender.
| Whites |
Blacks |
P-valuesa |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | |
| Sample size | 458 | 574 | 220 | 341 | ||
| Childhood | ||||||
| Age (year) | 12.3 (3.6) | 11.8 (3.5) | 11.8 (3.8) | 11.8 (3.8) | 0.012 | 0.991 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 19.5 (4.1) | 19.0 (4.3) | 19.1 (4.5) | 19.4 (4.4) | 0.966 | 0.146 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 84.8 (7.1)** | 82.6 (7.6) | 83.1 (9.1)** | 80.9 (8.4) | 0.015 | 0.001 |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | 10.4 (7.0)** | 11.4 (7.9) | 11.0 (9.5)* | 13.0 (8.7) | 0.114 | 0.003 |
| HOMA | 2.2 (1.6)* | 2.4 (1.7) | 2.3 (2.2) | 2.6 (1.9) | 0.207 | 0.017 |
| Adulthood | ||||||
| Age (year) | 31.9 (8.0) | 31.3 (8.1) | 30.2 (8.8) | 30.4 (8.1) | 0.012 | 0.091 |
| Follow-up years | 19.6 (7.1) | 19.5 (7.0) | 18.5 (7.7) | 18.6 (7.4) | 0.054 | 0.049 |
| WC (cm) | 96.4 (17.1)** | 85.2 (17.8) | 92.1 (18.9) | 91.1 (18.4) | 0.033 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.4 (6.2)* | 27.4 (7.7) | 28.6 (7.4)** | 30.4 (8.4) | 0.237 | <0.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dL)b | 85.9 (15.1)** | 81.7 (9.8) | 88.9 (24.7)** | 84.0 (16.6) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Insulin (μU/mL)b | 12.0 (9.3) | 11.4 (8.7) | 12.4 (9.3)* | 14.5 (10.0) | 0.378 | <0.001 |
| HOMAb | 2.6 (2.4) | 2.4 (2.1) | 2.9 (2.7) | 3.1 (2.4) | 0.078 | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP(mmHg)b | 115.3 (10.4)** | 107.6 (9.5) | 119.6 (15.0)** | 111.8 (11.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP(mmHg)b | 77.5 (8.5)** | 72.7 (8.0) | 78.1 (12.2)** | 74.1 (9.8) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL)b | 42.0 (11.0)** | 49.0 (12.5) | 51.8 (16.2) | 53.2 (14.2) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL)b | 141.9 (111.3)** | 111.2 (66.5) | 109.1 (81.1)** | 80.9 (37.1) | 0.001 | <0.001 |
| MetS, n (%) | 118 (25.8) | 119 (20.7) | 45 (20.5) | 57 (16.7) | 0.349 | 0.290 |
Continuous variables are presents as means (SD).
BMI = body mass index; HOMA = homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; WC = Waist circumference; BP = blood pressure; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MetS = metabolic syndrome.
Gender difference: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.
aP-values for race difference in continuous MetS variables were adjusted for age.
bIndividuals who took medications were excluded.