Table 4. Association between parental encouragement for outdoor active play and covariates with the frequency of outdoor active play.
| Bivariate models, β (S.E.) | Multivariate model with all covariates, β (S.E.) | Multivariate model with significant covariates, β (S.E.) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parental encouragement | |||
| Quintile 1 (lowest) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Quintile 2 | 3.8 (1.2) | 2.3 (1.1) | 2.5 (1.1) |
| Quintile 3 | 5.4 (1.2) | 4.4 (1.2) | 5.0 (1.1) |
| Quintile 4 | 10.2 (1.3) | 7.3 (1.2) | 7.6 (1.2) |
| Quintile 5 (highest) | 17.3 (1.2) | 12.0 (1.2) | 12.7 (1.2) |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 0 | 0 | |
| Female | −2.6 (0.9) | −0.8 (0.7) | |
| Age (years) | |||
| 7–8 | 0 | 0 | |
| 9–10 | −2.2 (1.1) | −1.1 (0.8) | |
| 11–12 | −2.9 (1.3) | −2.2 (1.0) | |
| Race | |||
| Non-hispanic white | 0 | 0 | |
| Non-hispanic black | −0.0 (2.0) | −0.8 (1.5) | |
| Hispanic | 2.1 (1.3) | 1.3 (1.0) | |
| Other | −2.0 (1.6) | 0.1 (1.2) | |
| Parental structure | |||
| Dual parent | 0 | 0 | |
| Single parent | 0.8 (1.2) | 1.1 (1.0) | |
| Number of siblings in household | |||
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | −2.2 (1.2) | −0.5 (0.9) | −0.6 (1.2) |
| 2 | −3.2 (1.4) | −2.9 (1.0) | −3.4 (1.0) |
| 3 or more | −1.5 (1.6) | −0.2 (1.2) | −1.1 (1.2) |
| Household income ($ per year) | |||
| ≤25,000 | 0 | 0 | |
| 25,001–50,000 | −1.2 (1.5) | −0.0 (1.2) | |
| 50,001–75,000 | −0.6 (1.6) | −1.0 (1.3) | |
| 75,001–100,000 | 0.5 (1.6) | −0.4 (1.4) | |
| ≥100,001 | 1.6 (1.6) | 0.3 (1.4) | |
| Parental education | |||
| High school or less | 0 | 0 | |
| 2 year college | −0.7 (1.3) | −0.0 (1.0) | |
| 4 year college/university | 1.8 (1.2) | 1.4 (1.0) | |
| Graduate university | 3.2 (1.6) | 1.2 (1.3) | |
| Independent mobility | |||
| Not allowed out | 0 | 0 | |
| Within own yard | −0.6 (1.5) | −0.6 (1.2) | |
| Within own street | 1.2 (1.6) | −0.5 (1.3) | |
| Within 2–3 streets | 3.8 (1.7) | 1.4 (1.4) | |
| >3 streets | 5.6 (2.0) | 0.9 (1.7) | |
| Parental facilitation score | 3.1 (0.5) | 0.3 (0.5) | |
| Parental involvement score | 3.6 (0.6) | 0.7 (0.7) | 1.1 (0.5) |
| Parental modelling score | 3.1 (0.5) | 0.2 (0.5) | |
| Population size of municipality | |||
| ≤9,999 | 0 | 0 | |
| 10,000–99,999 | −0.2 (1.3) | −0.6 (1.1) | |
| 100,000–499,999 | 0.7 (1.3) | −0.2 (1.1) | |
| ≥500,000 | 3.7 (1.3) | 0.8 (1.2) | |
| Urban form | |||
| Rural | 0 | 0 | |
| Semi-rural | 1.4 (1.6) | −0.1 (1.3) | |
| Suburbs | 0.0 (1.3) | −1.4 (1.2) | |
| Urban | 5.1 (1.5) | −1.0 (1.4) | |
| Unsafe roads factor | 1.1 (0.5) | 0.8 (0.4) | 0.9 (0.4) |
| Traffic calming factor | 3.8 (0.4) | 0.8 (0.5) | 1.0 (0.4) |
| Safe for children factor | 4.8 (0.4) | 2.9 (0.5) | 3.1 (0.4) |
| Crime risk factor | 2.6 (0.5) | 1.8 (0.5) | 1.7 (0.4) |