Table 1.

Summary of Perinatal Substance Use Effects on Pregnancy and Infant Outcomes

	Tobacco	Alcohol	Cannabis	Stimulants	Opiates
Pregnancy outcomes
Preterm birth	✓ [7,40]	✓ [72,164]	✓ [112]	✓ [122,123,165]	✓ [165,166]
Small for gestational age	✓ [7,8,165]	✓ [72,164]	✓ [112]	✓ [122,123,139]	✓ [167]
Low birthweight	✓ [7,8,165]	✓ [164]	✔ [112]	✓ [122,123,139]	✓ [168]
Miscarriage/Spontaneous abortion	✔ [38]	✓ [169,170]		✔ [140]
Placental abruption	✔ [6-8]			✓ [122,123]
Premature rupture of membranes	✔ [7]			✓ [122,123]
Ectopic pregnancy	✔ [39]
Infant effects
Cognitive deficits	✔ [46]	✔ [171]	✓ [10,111]	✓ [11]	✓ [147]
Teratogenicity		✔ [171]
Infant mortality/Sudden Infant Death Syndrome	✓ [7,8]				✓ [147]
Neonatal Withdrawal/Abstinence Syndrome		✔ [148]			✓ [146,147]
Behavioral Problems	✔ [46]	✔ [171]	✔ [113]	✔ [141]	✔ [172]