. 2015 Jul 14;138(10):2974–2986. doi: 10.1093/brain/awv211

Table 1.

Baseline and longitudinal demographics and clinical characteristics

	Healthy controls	PD-NC	PD-MCI	P-value
n	37	66	39
Age (years)	65.7 ± 7.2	62.9 ± 9.9	69.4 ± 8.8	0.002^a
Age range	49.7–85.4	41.8–87.3	48.1–85.5
Gender (male, %)	21 (56.7)	41 (62.1)	29 (74.4)	0.3 ^h
Education (years)	13.9 ± 3.9	13.8 ± 3.5	11.6 ± 3.5	0.001^e
Disease duration (months)		24.2 ± 4.6	24.9 ± 5.1	0.5^f
Levodopa equivalent daily dose
Baseline		143.1 ± 110.1	248.7 ± 152.6	<0.001^f
Follow-up		391.1 ± 202.1	470.2 ± 209.9	0.059^g
Change		237.8 ± 213.9	221.5 ± 216.0	0.5^f
Hoehn and Yahr
Baseline		1.9 ± 0.7	2.1 ± 0.6	0.1^g
Follow-up		2.1 ± 0.6	2.2 ± 0.4	0.2^f
Change		0.2 ± 0.6	0.1 ± 0.6	0.2^f
UPDRS III
Baseline		25.3 ± 10.9	29 ± 10.9	0.1^g
Follow-up		31.1 ± 12.7	37.9 ± 9.4	0.001^f
Change		6.6 ± 10.7	8.9 ± 10.1	0.3^g
MMSE
Baseline	29.4 ± 1.0	29.1 ± 0.8	28.1 ± 1.4	<0.001^a^,b,c, 0.4^d
Follow-up	29.6 ± 1.0	29.1 ± 1.0	27.4 ± 2.0	<0.001^a^,b,c, 0.1^d
Change	0.2 ± 0.7	0.0 ± 1.1	−0.6 ± 1.9	0.009^a, 0.010^b, 0.038^c, 0.7^d
MoCA
Baseline	27.6 ± 2.2	26.9 ± 2.4	23.1 ± 3.6	<0.001^a^,b,c, 0.4^d
Follow-up	27.9 ± 3.0	27.8 ± 2.0	24.1 ± 3.5	<0.001^a^,b,c, 0.9^d
Change	0.3 ± 2.7	1.1 ± 1.9	1.2 ± 3.1	0.2^a
Geriatric Depression Scale
Baseline	1.0 ± 1.5	2.5 ± 2.5	2.9 ± 2.1	<0.001^a^,b, 0.6^c, 0.002^d
Follow-up	1.2 ± 2.0	2.6 ± 2.9	3.2 ± 2.6	<0.001^a, 0.004^b, 0.5^c, 0.042^d
Change	0.2 ± 1.8	0.0 ± 2.7	0.2 ± 1.9	0.8^a
Scan interval (years)	1.7 ± 0.1	1.5 ± 0.1	1.5 ± 0.0	<0.001^a^,b,d, 0.6^c

Values expressed as mean ± 1SD.

^aANOVA = healthy controls, PD-NC, PD-MCI.

Post hoc Tukey pairwse tests: ^bPD-MCI versus healthy controls; ^cPD-MCI versus PD-NC; ^d PD-NC versus healthy controls.

^eKruskal-Wallis test.

^fWilcoxon rank-sum test = PD-NC and PD-MCI.

^gStudent’s t-test – PD-NC and PD-MCI.

^hχ² = PD-NC, PD-MCI, Controls.