Table 1. Baseline characteristics of study participants.
| Mindfulness Group N = 215 | Control Group N = 109 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 43.2 (14.1) | 43.2 (13.7) | |
| Female (%) | 44.2 | 50.5 | |
| Physiological parameters | |||
| Heart rate (beats/min), mean (SD) | 68 (12) | 69 (11) | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg), mean (SD) | 128 (16) | 125 (15) | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg), mean (SD) | 78 (11) | 80 (10) | |
| Resting respiratory rate (breaths/min), median (IQR) | 15 (2) | 15 (3) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 25.9 (4.6) | 25.7 (4.7) | |
| Obesity* (%) | 16.7 | 15.6 | |
| Psychological parameters | |||
| PCS, mean (SD) | 46.6 (9.6) | 45.3 (10.3) | |
| MCS, mean (SD) | 50.2 (10.6) | 50.8 (9.6) | |
| HADS Anxiety, mean (SD) | 8.2 (3.6) | 9.0 (3.4) | |
| HADS Depression, mean (SD) | 3.8 (2.9) | 3.8 (2.9) | |
| VAS, mean (SD) | 75.0 (13.2) | 72.7 (13.2) | |
| PSS, mean (SD) | 22.4 (7.8) | 22.0 (7.5) | |
| PSSS12, mean (SD) | 69.5 (11.6) | 71.5 (12.3) | |
| Exercise tolerance | |||
| 6 minute walk test distance (meters), mean (SD) | 537.5 (77.0) | 539.3 (67.3) | |
| Laboratory works | |||
| NT-proBNP, median (IQR), pmol/L | 16.7 (28.5) | 18.3 (33.9) | |
| Creatinine, median (IQR), μmol/L | 79.0 (21.0) | 77.0 (21.0) | |
| Cardiac history, type of heart disease, (%) | |||
| Congenital heart disease | 41.9 | 42.2 | |
| Cardiomyopathy | 39.5 | 29.4 | |
| Valvular heart disease | 18.6 | 28.4 | |
| Other comorbidity, (%) | |||
| Diabetes Mellitus** | 3.2 | 3.7 | |
| Number of interventions in life***, mean (SD) | 1.4 (1.4) | 1.4 (1.2) | |
| Time since first intervention (years), mean (SD) | 19.1 (14.0) | 15.9 (11.7) | |
| ICD, (%) | 5.9 | 4.3 | |
| PM, (%) | 9.3 | 5.2 | |
| Current medication (%) | 70.2 | 72.5 | |
| Beta-blocker | 43.2 | 36.7 | |
| Statin | 18.6 | 13.8 | |
| Aspirin | 16.3 | 14.7 | |
| Ace-inhibitor | 23.3 | 22.0 | |
| Angiotensin II antagonist | 8.8 | 11.9 | |
| Calcium channel blocker | 9.8 | 6.4 | |
| Nitroglycerin | 2.3 | 0.0 | |
| Cardiac glycoside | 2.3 | 2.8 | |
| Diuretic | 16.8 | 19.3 | |
| Anticoagulant | 24.6 | 33.9 | |
| Antidepressant | 5.1 | 2.8 | |
| Tranquilizer | 1.9 | 1.8 | |
| Other | 43.3 | 57.8 | |
| Intoxication, (%) | |||
| Current smoking | 14.4 | 18.3 | |
| Current alcohol use | 62.1 | 55.0 | |
| Current drugs use | 3.3 | 2.8 | |
| Work status | |||
| Employed, (%) | 68.7 | 67.9 | |
| Prior use of complementary therapies****, (%) | 14.4 | 12.8 | |
* Obesity was defined when the BMI was ≥30 kg/m2.
** Diabetes was defined when a patient reported use of anti-diabetes medication.
*** Include both surgical and percutaneous interventions.
**** Contains yoga, meditation, mindfulness, tai chi, Qigong and acupuncture.
SD, standard deviation; PCS, physical component summary measure; MCS, mental component summary measure; VAS, visual analogue scale; HADS, hospital anxiety and depression scale; PSS, perceived stress score; PSSS12, perceived social support; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide; IQR, interquartile range; ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; PM, pacemaker.