Table 2.

QTLs for heading date and low-temperature germinablity by an association analysis

Trait	QTL	Marker	Chromosome	Position	P-value	Allele																		QTLs reported
						A		B		C		D		E		F		G		H		I
						No	Mean ± SD	No	Mean ± SD	No	Mean ± SD	No	Mean ± SD	No	Mean ± SD	No	Mean ± SD	No	Mean ± SD	No	Mean ± SD	No	Mean ± SD
DTH Sapporo	qHD2	RM6911	2	9,009,029	0.0002484	20	92.3 ± 4.1 ab	10	90.9 ± 5.3 ab	9	91.6 ± 4.5 ab	6	84.6 ± 1.7 a	17	93.5 ± 3.7 b
	qHD5a	RM3160	5	20,043,639	0.0002320	6	95.8 ± 2.9 a	4	93.6 ± 3.3 ab			8	88.8 ± 4.9 ab					12	92.6 ± 4.5 ab	15	94.1 ± 2.3 a	5	85.1 ± 2.7 b
	qHD10	RM3283	10	12,383,411	0.0004819	45	93.0 ± 4.2	18	88.5 ± 4.9 *
DTH Pippu	qHD4	RM5414	4	2,034,676	0.0007049	34	90.7 ± 4 ab	13	91.7 ± 4 ab	8	86.1 ± 3.6 a	7	94.7 ± 4.8 b
	qHD5b	RM1248	5	93,969	0.0002526	13	89.1 ± 2.6 ab	25	88.9 ± 3.7 a	24	93.6 ± 4.7 b
	qHD6	RM1169	6	7,661,599	0.0000368	41	92.2 ± 4.5	21	88.0 ± 2.9 *															Hd11)
	qHD10	RM3283	10	12,383,411	0.0007063	44	92 ± 4.2	18	87.8 ± 3.8 *
LTG	qLTG1a	RM6451	1	4,797,375	0.0003922	19	40.6 ± 21.0	44	20.0 ± 20.0 *															qSD-12), Sdr63), qSD14), qDGE15)
	qLTG1b	RM5501	1	34,548,947	0.0000000	22	43.5 ± 22.0 a	10	31.9 ± 20.0 ab			30	11.6 ± 10.0 b											qSD-16)
	qLTG2	RM6165	2	19,374,071	0.0000002	50	31.0 ± 22.0	13	7.8 ± 8.5 *
	qLTG3a	S103	3	219,977	0.0000043	10	46.0 ± 25.0 a	20	38.0 ± 18.0 a	33	13.1 ± 13.0 b													qLTG3-17)
	qLTG3b	RM6676	3	14,494,362	0.0000071	50	30.7 ± 22.0	13	9.2 ± 10.0 *
	qLTG3c	RM3601	3	25,959,692	0.0000001	50	30.9 ± 22.0	12	6.3 ± 8.1 *
	qLTG3d	RM1038	3	33,660,363	0.0001982	34	14.8 ± 16.0 a	6	34.4 ± 14.0 ab	14	39.5 ± 22.0 b	6	31.7 ± 15.0 ab											Sd3.28), qSV3-29)
	qLTG4	RM5879	4	35,112,390	0.0002563	30	30.3 ± 22.0 ab	14	38.9 ± 21.0 a	19	10.4 ± 12.0 b
	qLTG5	RM3777	5	4,113,575	0.0001960	8	51.4 ± 19.0	53	22.1 ± 19.0 *															qLTG-510), qPHS-511), Sdr212), qSD-52)
	qLTG6a	RM1369	6	1,563,617	0.0000359	30	36.1 ± 21.0 a	5	5.0 ± 4.9 ab	20	11.3 ± 10.0 b			4	24.5 ± 15.0 ab									grm6.113)
	qLTG6b	RM1169	6	7,661,599	0.0000000	41	35.5 ± 21.0	22	9.0 ± 8.9 *															Sdr103), qSD614)
	qLTG7	RM5344	7	1,905,597	0.0003187	41	20.1 ± 20.0 a	12	46.8 ± 16.0 b	5	42.6 ± 22.0 ab	5	10.8 ± 12.0 ab
	qLTG8	RM5647	8	2,892,870	0.0002175	37	35.1 ± 23.0 a	18	11.5 ± 12.0 b	8	18.1 ± 16.0 ab
	qLTG10	RM1125	10	17,842,706	0.0006376	12	12.4 ± 15.0 a	21	39.2 ± 21.0 b			27	22.1 ± 19.0 ab											qGR-1015)
	qLTG12a	RM1880	12	747,745	0.0003380	6	51.9 ± 18.0 a	17	14.5 ± 18.0 b	7	30.4 ± 23.0 ab	4	46.3 ± 20.0 a	17	15.9 ± 10.0 b	6	39.5 ± 16.0 ab
	qLTG12b	RM7619	12	4,829,808	0.0000191	44	32.7 ± 21.0 a			4	16.6 ± 12.0 ab	14	5.3 ± 6.8 b
	qLTG12c	RM1036	12	8,797,117	0.0000192	13	41.4 ± 20.0 a	22	14.7 ± 13.0 b	15	40.7 ± 20.0 a	12	8.8 ± 9.3 b

^*indicates the significant difference at P < 0.001 by t-test. Different alphabets indicate the significant difference at P < 0.001 by Tukey test.

QTLs are defined by the markers showing the lowest P value within the 1 Mb region.

Alleles with more than 3 varieties were used for the calculation.

¹⁾Yano et al. 2000

²⁾Miura et al. 2002

³⁾Marzougui et al. 2012

⁴⁾Gu et al. 2006

⁵⁾Li et al. 2011

⁶⁾Wan et al. 2005

⁷⁾Fujino et al. 2008

⁸⁾Lee et al. 2005

⁹⁾Zhang et al. 2005

¹⁰⁾Miura et al. 2001

¹¹⁾Dong et al. 2003

¹²⁾Lin et al. 1998

¹³⁾Thomson et al. 2003

¹⁴⁾Gu et al. 2004

¹⁵⁾Ji et al. 2009.