Figure 1.

Metabolomic profiling of microvascular pulmonary arterial vascular smooth muscle cells (PAVSMCs) from subjects with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and nondiseased donors. A, Principal-component analysis of the total metabolites detected in PAVSMCs. Red: nondiseased (control), blue: idiopathic PAH (5 subjects/group). B, Significantly different metabolites (P ≤ 0.05) and those approaching statistical significance (0.05 < P < 0.1) in PAH and control PAVSMCs (5 subjects/group), by the Welch 2-sample t test. Arrows indicate upregulated (red) and downregulated (green) metabolites. C, A z-score plot showing the levels of 38 differential metabolites normalized to the mean of the control samples. Red: cells from control subject; blue: cells from idiopathic PAH subject (5 subjects/group). D, Heat map representing the nonsupervised hierarchical clustering of 38 differential metabolites in PAH PAVSMCs (5 subjects/group) relative to normal sample data (5 subjects/group). Shades of yellow and blue represent the increase and decrease of a metabolite, respectively, relative to the median metabolite levels. The heat map scale (bottom) ranges from −4 to +4 on a log₂ scale. UDP: uridine diphosphate.