Table 1.
Results of the ANOVAs on spelling data for the chronological-age comparisons.
| Effect | Df | F | P | pη2 | Reading p η2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1ST ANALYSIS: FREQUENCY EFFECT | |||||
| Language | 1, 251 | 84.46 | 0.000*** | 0.25 | −0.01 |
| Age | 1, 251 | 45.88 | 0.000*** | 0.15 | 0.13 |
| Frequency | 1, 251 | 284.7 | 0.000*** | 0.53 | 0.41 |
| Length | 3, 753 | 157.89 | 0.000*** | 0.39 | 0.14 |
| Language by age | 1, 251 | 4.67 | 0.032* | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| Frequency by language | 1, 251 | 242.57 | 0.000*** | 0.49 | 0.02 |
| Frequency by age | 1, 251 | 3.38 | 0.067 | −0.01 | 0.19 |
| Frequency by language by age | 1, 251 | 0.51 | 0.447 | 0.00 | 0.04 |
| Length by language | 3, 753 | 76.05 | 0.000*** | 0.23 | 0.04 |
| Length by age | 3, 753 | 27.95 | 0.000*** | 0.10 | 0.06 |
| Length by language by age | 3, 753 | 4.55 | 0.004** | 0.02 | 0.03 |
| Frequency by length | 3, 753 | 23.33 | 0.000*** | 0.09 | 0.02 |
| Frequency by length by language | 3, 753 | 4.46 | 0.004** | 0.02 | 0.07 |
| Frequency by length by age | 3, 753 | 13.94 | 0.000*** | 0.05 | 0.02 |
| Frequency by length by age by language | 3, 753 | 1.31 | 0.269 | −0.01 | 0.01 |
| 2ND ANALYSIS: LEXICALITY EFFECT | |||||
| Language | 1, 245 | 10.66 | 0.000*** | 0.29 | −0.01 |
| Age | 1, 245 | 16.95 | 0.000*** | 0.06 | 0.15 |
| Lexicality | 1, 245 | 221.84 | 0.000*** | 0.48 | 0.59 |
| Length | 3, 735 | 93.82 | 0.000*** | 0.28 | 0.16 |
| Language by age | 1, 245 | 1.31 | 0.253 | −0.01 | −0.01 |
| Lexicality by language | 1, 245 | 74.26 | 0.000*** | 0.23 | −0.01 |
| Lexicality by age | 1, 245 | 63.12 | 0.000*** | 0.20 | 0.14 |
| Lexicality by language by age | 1, 245 | 14.28 | 0.000*** | 0.06 | 0.00 |
| Length by language | 3, 735 | 19.56 | 0.000*** | 0.07 | 0.11 |
| Length by age | 3, 735 | 28.18 | 0.000*** | 0.10 | 0.04 |
| Length by language by age | 3, 735 | 2.53 | 0.056 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
| Lexicality by length | 3, 735 | 13.9 | 0.000*** | 0.05 | −0.01 |
| Lexicality by length by language | 3, 735 | 17.21 | 0.000*** | 0.07 | 0.03 |
| Lexicality by length by age | 3, 735 | 11.33 | 0.000*** | 0.04 | 0.01 |
| Lexicality by length by age by language | 3, 735 | 1.43 | 0.232 | −0.01 | 0.01 |
| 3RD ANALYSIS: REGULARITY EFFECT | |||||
| Language | 1, 251 | 133.8 | 0.000*** | 0.35 | |
| Age | 1, 251 | 7.33 | 0.000*** | 0.22 | |
| Regularity | 1, 251 | 203.39 | 0.000*** | 0.45 | |
| Language by age | 1, 251 | 4.51 | 0.035* | 0.02 | |
| Regularity by language | 1, 251 | 6.78 | 0.01** | 0.03 | |
| Regularity by age | 1, 251 | 2.86 | 0.000*** | 0.08 | |
| Regularity by language by age | 1, 251 | 19.67 | 0.000*** | 0.07 | |
*
p < 0.05;
**
p < 0.01;
***
p < 0.001.
Effect size is the partial eta squared (pη 2; in brackets values relative to main effects or interactions insignificant with < 0.05). For comparison, pη2 on similar analyses on reading performance are reported (when available). Following Cohen (1988, p. 283), 0.0099 is a reference point for a small effect, 0.0588 for a medium effect and 0.1379 for a large effect.