Table 2.
Results of the three ANOVAs on spelling data for the years of school comparison.
| Effect | Df | F | p | p η2 | Reading p η2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1ST ANALYSIS: FREQUENCY EFFECT | |||||
| Language | 1, 96 | 21.5 | 0.000*** | 0.18 | −0.03 |
| Frequency | 1, 96 | 108.08 | 0.000*** | 0.59 | 0.25 |
| Length | 3, 288 | 45.54 | 0.000*** | 0.38 | 0.04 |
| Frequency by language | 1, 96 | 55.14 | 0.000*** | 0.42 | −0.01 |
| Length by language | 3, 288 | 17.29 | 0.000*** | 0.17 | −0.08 |
| Frequency by length | 3, 288 | 11.73 | 0.000*** | 0.14 | 0.04 |
| Frequency by length by language | 3, 288 | 8.49 | 0.000*** | 0.09 | 0.06 |
| 2ND ANALYSIS: LEXICALITY EFFECT | |||||
| Language | 1, 86 | 28.84 | 0.000*** | 0.30 | −0.02 |
| Lexicality | 1, 86 | 63.24 | 0.000*** | 0.64 | 0.52 |
| Length | 3, 258 | 18.31 | 0.000*** | 0.17 | 0.10 |
| Lexicality by language | 1, 86 | 18.59 | 0.000*** | 0.39 | 0.00 |
| Length by language | 3, 258 | 9.16 | 0.000*** | 0.08 | −0.07 |
| Lexicality by length | 3, 258 | 4.75 | 0.003** | 0.07 | 0.03 |
| Lexicality by length by language | 3, 258 | 2.74 | 0.044* | 0.04 | 0.03 |
| 3RD ANALYSIS: REGULARITY EFFECT | |||||
| Language | 1, 96 | 26.26 | 0.000*** | 0.21 | |
| Regularity | 1, 96 | 132.25 | 0.000*** | 0.60 | |
| Regularity by language | 1, 96 | 0.44 | 0.507 | 0.00 | |
*
p < 0.05;
**
p < 0.01;
***
p < 0.001.
Effect size is the partial eta squared (pη 2; in brackets values relative to main effects or interactions insignificant with < 0.05). For comparison, pη 2 on similar analyses on reading performance are reported (when available). Following Cohen (1988, p. 283), 0.0099 is a reference point for a small effect, 0.0588 for a medium effect and 0.1379 for a large effect.