Table 2.
Term | Duration | Frequency | Trigger | Response to antiepileptic drugs |
---|---|---|---|---|
Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) | Typically <2 min | Up to 100 per day | Sudden movements | Often effective |
Paroxysmal non-kinesigenic dyskinesia (PNKD) | 5 min to 4 h | None for months to few per day | Excitement, stress, fatigue, alcohol, and caffeine | Usually not effective |
Paroxysmal exertion induced dyskinesia (PED) | 5–30 min | One per month to daily | Prolonged muscle exertion | Usually not effective |
Paroxysmal hypnogenic dyskinesia (PHD); type of frontal lobe epilepsy | 30–45 s | 5 times a year to five times a night | During non-REM sleep | Sometimes effective |
Paroxysmal torticollis of infancy | Hours to days | Every 2 or 3 weeks | CHanges in posture | Spontaneous disappearance before the age of 5 years |