Table 4.

Etiology of inherited dystonia in humans (38, 39, 37).

Designation	Clinical type	Clinical characteristics	Mode of inheritance	Gene locus	Gene
DYT1	Isolated dystonia	Early-onset generalized	Autosomal dominant	9q	TOR1A
DYT2	Isolated dystonia	Early-onset generalized	Autosomal recessive	Unknown	Unknown
DYT3	Combined, persistent dystonia	X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism; “lubag”	X-chromosomal recessive	Xq	TAF1
DYT4	Isolated dystonia	Whispering dysphonia	Autosomal dominant	19p	TUBB4
DYT5	Combined, persistent dystonia	Dopa-responsive dystonia; Segawa syndrome	Autosomal dominant	14q	GCH1
DYT6	Isolated dystonia	Adolescent-onset mixed phenotype	Autosomal dominant	8p	THAP1
DYT7	Isolated dystonia	Adult-onset focal	Autosomal dominant	18p	Unknown
DYT8	Combined, paroxysmal dystonia	Paroxysmal non-kinesigenic dyskinesia 1	Autosomal dominant	2q	MR-1
DYT10	Combined, paroxysmal dystonia	Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia 1	Autosomal dominant	16p-q	PRRT2
DYT11	Combined, persistent dystonia	Myoclonus-dystonia	Autosomal dominant	7q	SGCE
DYT12	Combined, persistent dystonia	Rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism	Autosomal dominant	19q	ATP1A3
DYT13	Isolated dystonia	Adolescent-onset multifocal/segmental	Autosomal dominant	1p	Unknown
DYT15	Combined, persistent dystonia	Myoclonus-dystonia	Autosomal dominant	18p	Unknown
DYT16	Combined, persistent dystonia	Early-onset generalized with parkinsonism	Autosomal recessive	2p	PRKRA
DYT17	Isolated dystonia	Adolescent-onset	Autosomal recessive	20pq	Unknown
DYT18	Combined, paroxysmal dystonia	Paroxysmal exertion-induced dyskinesia	Autosomal dominant	1p	SLC2A1 (GLUT1)
DYT19	Combined, paroxysmal dystonia	Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia 2	Autosomal dominant	16q	Unknown
DYT20	Combined, paroxysmal dystonia	Paroxysmal non-kinesigenic dyskinesia 2	Autosomal dominant	2q	Unknown
DYT21	Isolated dystonia	Adult-onset generalized/multifocal	Autosomal dominant	2q	Unknown
DYT23	Isolated dystonia	Adult-onset cervical dystonia	Autosomal dominant	9q	CIZ1
DYT24	Isolated dystonia	Adult-onset craniocervical dystonia	Autosomal dominant	11p	ANO3
DYT25	Isolated dystonia	Adult-onset cervical dystonia	Autosomal dominant	18p	GNAL