Table 3. Examples of non-invasive molecular biomarkers. For a complete list of non-invasive molecular biomarkers, please refer to Supplementary Table S3.
| Biomarker | Detected Disease (ICD code) | Type | S | Detection Sen | Detection Spe | Biomarker | Detected Disease (ICD code) | Type | S | Detection Sen | Detection Spe |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 17-urine-peptide biomarker panel | M00-M25 | Diag | U | ~85% | ~100% | MEP1A, meprin A | M30.3 | Diag | U | ~93% | ~94% |
| 2-aminoacetophenone | E84 | Diag | Br | 0.938 | 0.692 | Methylhistamine; interleukin-6 | N30.10, N30.11 | Diag | U | 0.7 | 0.724 |
| 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) | P27.1 | Diag | U | 0.857 | 0.611 | Monoclonal free immunoglobulin light chains | E85.8 | Diag | U | 0.813 | 0.98 |
| ABCA5 | D07.5 | Diag | U | ~100% | N/A | Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) | Q62.0 | Diag | U | ~85.0% | ~90.0% |
| Basic fibroblast growth factor | C56 | Diag | U | 0.7 | 0.75 | N-Acetyl-β-D-glucosamindase (NAG) | N02.2 | Prog | U | 0.77 | N/A |
| Beta2-microglobulin | N15.0 | Diag | U | 0.723 | 0.844 | Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) | M32 | Prog | U | ~70% | ~89% |
| Calprotectin | K50,K51 | Prog | F | 0.9 | 0.83 | N14.1 | Prog | U | 0.8 | 0.75 | |
| DPD | C90.0 | Diag | U | 0.889 | 0.833 | B20 | Moni; Ther | U | 0.94 | 0.71 | |
| EL, endothelial lipase protein | C16 | Diag | U | 0.79 | 1 | N17 | Diag | U | 1 | 0.98 | |
| Eosinophils | J45 | Diag | Sp | 0.86 | 0.88 | N14.1 | Diag | U | 0.73 | 1 | |
| Fibrinopeptide B | I82.4,I82.5 | Diag | U | 1 | 0.85 | NGF | N30.10, N30.11 | Diag | U | 0.75 | 0.655 |
| Fibulin-3 | M15-M19,M47 | Diag | U | 0.746 | 0.857 | Orosomucoid | O11,O14 | Prog | U | ~56.0% | ~73.0% |
| HLA-DR | T86.1 | Diag | U | 0.8 | 0.98 | Podocalyxin (PODXL) | C64 | Diag | U | 1 | 1 |
| IL-18 | N17 | Prog | U | >90% | >90% | Pyruvate kinase isoenzyme M2-PK | C18-C21 | Diag | F | 73–83% | 0.82 |
| IL-8 | F40-F42 | Diag | U | ~100% | N/A | S100A12 | K50,K51 | Diag | F | 0.86 | 0.96 |
| N21.0-N21.9 | Diag; moni | U | 0.9 | 0.68 | S100B protein | S06 | Prog | U | 0.9 | 0.628 | |
| S100B; lactate/creatinine ratio | G93.4 | Diag | U | 0.99 | 0.97 | ||||||
| Kininogen | B55.0 | Diag | U | 0.9 | Tim-3 | T86.1 | Prog | U | 84–87% | 95–96% | |
| Lactoferrin | K50,K51 | Moni | F | 70–100% | 44–100% | Trypsinogen | K85 | Diag | U | 1 | 0.96 |
| Leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein (LRG) | K35-K37 | Diag | U | 0.95 | 1 | Trypsinogen activation peptide (TAP) | K85 | Prog | U | 0.917 | 0.897 |
| Liver-type fatty acid-binding protein(L-FABP) | N03.2 | Prog; Moni | U | 0.875 | 0.905 | Trypsinogen-2 | K85, K86.0-K86.1 | Diag | U | 0.81 | 0.97 |
| Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP 9) | H16.229 | Diag; Moni | T | 0.85 | 0.94 | Uromodulin | N02.8 | Diag | U | 1 | 1 |
| N13.7 | Diag;Prog | U | 0.812 | 0.85 |
(Diag: Diagnostic, Prog: Prognotic, Mon, Monitoring, Br: Breath, F: Feces, Sa: Saliva: Sk: Skin, Sp: Sputum, T: Tears, U: Urine, Sen: Sensitivity. Spe: Specificity).