| Brock et al.
|
2012 |
USA |
Case-control |
female/male |
40–85 |
323/1827 |
Mailed Questionnaire |
Mg/d Total |
Q5>112,Q1<53 |
0.70(0.50,1.10) |
Age, sex, proxy status, years of smoking, number Of cigarettes smoked per/d,never/ever smoke, BMI age 40 years, blood pressure, alcohol consumption, fat consump- tion and energy |
| Lee et al.
|
2006 |
USA |
Cohort study (prospective) |
female/male |
40–75 |
248/136587 |
FFQ |
Total |
Q5:-,Q1:- |
0.58(0.32,1.03) |
BMI, history of hypertension, parity, history of diabees, smoking status,multivitamin use, alcohol intake, and total energy intake. |
| La et al.
|
2009 |
Canada |
Case-control |
female/male |
20–76 |
1138/5039 |
FFQ |
Total |
Q5:195,Q1:- |
0.84(0.67,1.05) |
Sex, 10-year age group, province, total fat body mass index, alcohol drinking, pack-year smoking, processed meat, saturated fat, monounsaturate fat, transfat, cholesterol, and total energy intake. |
| Ho et al.
|
2014 |
USA |
Cohort study (prospective) |
female |
50–79 |
240/96196 |
FFQ |
Total Food Supplement |
Q5>585,Q1<96.3 Q5>135.3,Q1<61.2 Q5>560,Q1:0(mcg) |
1.12(0.65,1.91) 1.02(0.66,1.58) 1.17(0.66,2.05) |
Micronutrients, age, clinical trial, race, education, BMI, hypertension, smoking status, oral contraceptive use, hysterectomy ever, oophorectomy ever, physical activity, and energy intake. |
| Bertoia et al. 2009 |
2009 |
USA |
Cohort study (prospective) |
male |
50–69 |
255/27062 |
FFQ |
Total |
Q5:161,Q1:50 |
0.99(0.67,1.46) |
Age, BMI, education level, measured systolic and diastolic blood pressure, self-reported history of hypertension, leisure-time physical activity, years of smoking, total number of cigarettes perday, trial intervention group and alcohol consumption, total energy intake, serum cholesterol. |
| Lindblad et al.
|
1997 |
Sweden |
Case-control |
female/mal |
20–79 |
379/350 |
Self-administered questionnaire |
Total Food |
Q5:123,Q1<95 Q5:108.7,Q1<48.9 |
0.66(0.42,1.03) 0.83(0.53,1.31) |
Age, sex, BMI, cigarette smoking, educational level |
| Bosetti et al.
|
2006 |
Italy |
Case-control |
female/male |
24–79 |
767/1534 |
FFQ |
Total |
Q5:-,Q1:89.41 |
0.72(0.54,0.96) |
Sex, study centre, period of interview, age, education, BMI, smoking habit, alcohol drinking and family history of kidney cancer |
| Ernahrung et al.
|
1997 |
Germany |
Case-control |
female/male |
20–75 |
277/286 |
FFQ |
Total |
Q5:-,Q1:- |
0.58(0.33,1.00) |
Age, gender, educational status, tobacco moking and alcohol consumption. |
| A. et al.
|
1996 |
Denmark |
Case-control |
female/male |
20–79 |
351/340 |
FFQ |
Total |
Q5>102,Q1<42 |
0.80(0.50,1.50) |
Age, total energy intake, smoking, BMI,and socio-economic. |
| Yuan et al.
|
1998 |
USA |
Case-control |
female/male |
25–74 |
1204/1204 |
FFQ |
Total |
Q5:-,Q6:- |
0.76(0.56,1.02) |
Level of education, BMI, history Of hypertension, number of cigarettes per day, current smoking status, total grams of analgesics consumed over lifetime and regular use of amphetamines |
