Table I.
Descriptive characteristics and univariable analysis for the occurrence of symptomatic midfoot OA
| Predictor variable (categorisation) | Total | Midfoot pain | Symptomatic midfoot OA | Multi-level logistic regression Midfoot pain vs symptomatic midfoot OA P* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| People | (n = 274) | (n = 155) | (n = 119) | |
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (years) | ||||
| 50–64 | 142 (52) | 92 (59) | 50 (42) | |
| 65–74 | 89 (32) | 48 (31) | 41 (34) | |
| 75+ | 43 (16) | 15 (10) | 28 (24) | 0.0145 |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 125 (46) | 73 (47) | 52 (44) | |
| Female | 149 (54) | 82 (53) | 67 (56) | 0.2751 |
| Body composition | ||||
| Body mass index | ||||
| Non-obese (<30 kg/m2) | 134 (50) | 85 (56) | 49 (42) | |
| Obese (≥30 kg/m2) | 136 (50) | 67 (44) | 69 (58) | 0.0069 |
| Feet | (n = 412) | (n = 263) | (n = 149) | |
| Static foot posture | ||||
| Arch Index (ratio) | ||||
| High arch | 57 (14) | 42 (16) | 15 (10) | |
| Normal | 265 (64) | 178 (68) | 87 (58) | |
| Low arch | 89 (22) | 42 (16) | 47 (32) | 0.0013 |
| Foot Posture Index (−12 to +12) | ||||
| Supinated (<0) | 34 (8) | 26 (10) | 8 (5) | |
| Normal (0–5) | 212 (52) | 132 (50) | 80 (54) | |
| Pronated (≥6) | 165 (40) | 105 (40) | 60 (41) | 0.1861 |
| Navicular height (ratio) | ||||
| High (0.18–0.29) | 136 (33) | 92 (35) | 44 (30) | |
| Normal (0.16–0.18) | 136 (33) | 95 (37) | 41 (28) | |
| Low (0.06–0.16) | 137 (34) | 73 (28) | 64 (43) | 0.0161 |
| Range of motion | ||||
| 1st MTPJ (degrees) dorsiflexion | ||||
| Low (<64) | 197 (48) | 123 (47) | 74 (50) | |
| High (≥64) | 215 (52) | 140 (53) | 75 (50) | 0.4242 |
| Subtalar joint (degrees) Inversion | ||||
| Low (2–25) | 215 (52) | 130 (49) | 85 (58) | |
| High (26–50) | 195 (48) | 133 (51) | 62 (42) | 0.0858 |
| Eversion | ||||
| Low (0–11) | 215 (52) | 136 (52) | 79 (54) | |
| High (12–55) | 195 (48) | 127 (48) | 68 (46) | 0.7425 |
| Ankle dorsiflexion (degrees) | ||||
| Knee flexed | ||||
| Low (55–78 from 0) | 191 (47) | 106 (41) | 85 (59) | |
| High (28–54 from 0) | 212 (53) | 153 (59) | 59 (41) | 0.0069 |
| Knee extended | ||||
| Low (64–89 from 0) | 201 (50) | 125 (48) | 76 (52) | |
| High (35–63 from 0) | 204 (50) | 134 (52) | 70 (48) | 0.3978 |
| Palpation/Observation | ||||
| Midfoot exostosis | ||||
| Absent | 141 (34) | 78 (30) | 63 (42) | |
| Present | 271 (66) | 185 (70) | 86 (58) | 0.0139 |
| PF insertion tenderness | ||||
| Absent | 322 (78) | 202 (77) | 120 (81) | |
| Present | 89 (22) | 60 (23) | 29 (19) | 0.2405 |
| PF midsole tenderness | ||||
| Absent | 194 (47) | 128 (49) | 66 (45) | |
| Present | 217 (53) | 135 (51) | 82 (55) | 0.9655 |
| Lesser toe deformity | ||||
| Absent | 147 (36) | 102 (39) | 45 (30) | |
| Present | 263 (64) | 160 (61) | 103 (70) | 0.0773 |
| Hallux valgus | ||||
| Absent | 263 (64) | 169 (64) | 94 (64) | |
| Present | 148 (36) | 94 (36) | 54 (36) | 0.6799 |
MTPJ, metatarsophalangeal joint; PF, plantar fascia.
∗
P values are for the likelihood ratio test, with significance set at 0.25.