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. 2015 Nov 25;5(2):020406. doi: 10.7189/jogh.05.020406

Table 1.

Characteristics of study participants

Variables Case
n = 591 Control
n = 591 Total
n = 1182 P–value
n
 %
 n
 %
 n
 %
Age (years):
Mean±SD
 51.4 ± 11.6
49.5 ± 11.1
50.4 ± 11.4
0.004
<40
 96
 16.2
 115
 19.5
 211
 17.9
 0.027
40–49
 142
 24.0
 144
 24.4
 286
 24.2
 0.027
50–59
 194
 32.8
 215
 36.4
 409
 34.6
 0.027
≥ 60
 159
 26.9
 117
 19.8
 276
 23.4
 0.027
Sex
Male
 255
 43.1
 255
 43.1
 510
 43.1
 1.0
Female
 336
 56.9
 336
 56.9
 672
 56.9
 1.0
Marital status:
Married
 476
 80.5
 517
 87.5
 993
 84.0
 0.001
Single
 115
 19.5
 74
 12.5
 189
 16.0
 0.001
Education:
No education
 116
 19.6
 76
 12.9
 192
 16.2
 0.001
Primary
 103
 17.4
 96
 16.2
 199
 16.8
 0.001
Secondary
 190
 32.1
 178
 30.1
 368
 31.1
 0.001
Higher secondary and above
 182
 30.8
 241
 40.8
 423
 35.8
 0.001
Household monthly income (BDT):
Median (in thousands) (Q 1–3)
 25 (15–42)
25 (16–40)
25 (15–60)
0.714
≤BDT 30 000
 338
 63.7
 353
 63.8
 691
 63.7
 0.951
>BDT 30 000
 193
 36.3
 200
 36.2
 393
 36.3
 0.951
Occupation:
Unemployed
 6
 1.0
 9
 1.5
 15
 1.3
 <0.001
Service
 170
 28.8
 248
 42.0
 418
 35.4
 <0.001
Housewife
 309
 52.3
 271
 45.9
 580
 49.1
 <0.001
Others (retired, labors, etc)
 106
 17.9
 63
 10.7
 196
 14.3
 <0.001
Self–reported complications:
Hypertension
 312
 52.8
 114
 19.3
 426
 36.0
 <0.001
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD)
 59
 10
 20
 3.4
 79
 6.7
 <0.001
Eye problems
 355
 60.1
 225
 38.1
 580
 49.1
 <0.001
Tobacco use:
Never
 471
 79.7
 445
 75.3
 916
 77.5
 0.040
Former (stopped 6 months)
 6
 1.0
 2
 0.3
 8
 0.7
 0.040
Current (in last 6 months)
 114
 19.3
 144
 24.4
 258
 21.8
 0.040
Depression (PHQ–9):
No or minimal depression (0–4)
 324
 54.8
 474
 80.2
 798
 67.5
 <0.001
Mild depression (5–9)
 167
 28.3
 100
 16.9
 267
 22.6
 <0.001
Moderate to severe depression (≥10)
 100
 16.9
 17
 2.9
 117
 9.9
 <0.001
Hypertension (SBP>140 /or DBP>90):
 208
 35.2
 166
 28.1
 374
 31.6
 0.009
Body Mass Index (BMI):
Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2)
 9
 1.5
 18
 3.1
 27
 2.3
 0.071
Normal (18.5 –24.9 kg/m2)
 219
 37.1
 235
 39.9
 454
 38.5
 0.071
Overweight (25–29 kg/m2)
 274
 46.4
 271
 46.0
 545
 46.2
 0.071
Obese (≥30 kg/m2)
 88
 14.9
 65
 11
 153
 13.0
 0.071
Waist circumference (WC):
Normal (≤90 cm M; ≤80 cm F)
 154
 26.1
 215
 36.4
 369
 31.2
 <0.001
High (>90 cm M, >80 cm F)
 437
 73.9
 376
 63.6
 813
 68.8
 <0.001
Waist–to–hip ratio (WHR):
Normal (<0.90 M, <0.80 F)
 29
 4.9
 55
 9.3
 84
 7.1
 0.003
High (≥0.90 M, ≥0.80 F)
 562
 95.1
 536
 90.7
 1098
 92.9
 0.003
Number of complications:
No complication
 91
 15.4
 240
 40.6
 331
 28.0
 <0.001
1–3
 451
 76.3
 328
 55.5
 779
 65.9
 <0.001
>3
 49
 8.3
 23
 3.9
 72
 6.1
 <0.001
Median (IQR)
 2 (2)
2 (2)
2 (2)
<0.001
Number of medications:
1–2
 157
 27.2
 98
 80.3
 255
 36.4
 <0.001
3–4
 259
 44.8
 21
 17.2
 280
 40.0
 <0.001
>4
 162
 28.0
 3
 2.5
 165
 23.6
 <0.001
Median (IQR) 3(3) 1(1) 3(2) <0.001

SD – standard deviation, IQR – interquartile range, Q – quartile, BDT – Bangladeshi Taka, PHQ – Patient Health Questionnaire, SBP – systolic blood pressure, DBP – diastolic blood pressure, M – male, F – female, BMI – body mass index (kg/m2)