Table 1.
Baseline population characteristics and comparison between diabetics with and without NAFLD
| N | NAFLD (MRI-PDFF ≥ 5%) (N=65) | No NAFLD (MRI-PDFF <5%) (N=35) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Male, n (%) | 100 | 33 (50.8%) | 20 (57.1%) | 0.5425 |
| Age (yrs), mean ± SD | 100 | 57.9 ± 11.3 | 63.1 ± 10.5 | 0.0280 |
| Race | 100 | 0.1125 | ||
| Am Indian/Alaskan Native, n (%) | 1 (1.5%) | 0 | ||
| Asian, n (%) | 9 (13.8%) | 2 (5.7%) | ||
| Black, n (%) | 5 (7.7%) | 12 (12%) | ||
| White, n (%) | 34 (52.3%) | 22 (62.9%) | ||
| Hispanic, n (%) | 16 (24.6%) | 4 (11.4%) | ||
| Anthropometric | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 100 | 32.5 ± 5.4 | 27.6 ± 7.2 | 0.0008 |
| Waist (cm), mean ± SD | 100 | 106.6 ± 12.6 | 95.1 ± 12.9 | <0.0001 |
| Clinical | ||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 100 | 42 (64.6%) | 24 (68.6%) | 0.6904 |
| Metabolic syndrome, n (%) | 100 | 55 (84.6%) | 14 (40.0%) | <0.0001 |
| Duration of DM (years) | 84 | 7.0 (8.0) | 11.0 (11.0) | 0.1869 |
| Oral hypoglycemic therapy, n (%) | 100 | 55 (84.6%) | 26 (74.3%) | 0.2091 |
| Metformin, n (%) | 100 | 49 (75.4%) | 25 (71.4%) | 0.6671 |
| Thazolidinediones, n (%) | 100 | 2 (3.1%) | 0 | 0.5404 |
| Antilipemic therapy, n (%) | 100 | 37 (56.9%) | 19 (54.3%) | 0.7999 |
| Insulin therapy, n (%) | 100 | 13 (20.0%) | 10 (28.6%) | 0.3313 |
| Vitamin E, n (%) | 100 | 1 (1.5%) | 1 (2.9%) | 1.0000 |
| Biochemical | ||||
| AST (U/L), median (IQR) | 100 | 22.0 (12.0) | 20.0 (10.0) | 0.1965 |
| Elevated AST (>40 U/L), n (%) | 100 | 8 (12.3%) | 0 | 0.0477 |
| ALT (IU/L), median (IQR) | 100 | 29.0 (23.0) | 19.0 (12.0) | 0.0003 |
| Elevated ALT (>40 U/L), n (%) | 100 | 17 (26.2%) | 1 (2.9%) | 0.0027 |
| GGT (U/L), median (IQR) | 99 | 27.5 (19.0) | 20.0 (11.0) | 0.0119 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L), median (IQR) | 100 | 72.0 (20.0) | 77.0 (44.0) | 0.6078 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 100 | 1.27 (0.49) | 1.58 (0.85) | 0.0360 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 100 | 2.28 (1.14) | 2.28 (1.27) | 0.7124 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 100 | 1.83 (0.85) | 1.04 (0.65) | <0.0001 |
| Platelet (109/L), mean ± SD | 100 | 261.8 ± 73.0 | 247.7±66.4 | 0.3447 |
| HbA1C (%), median (IQR) | 100 | 7.1 (1.6) | 7.0 (1.3) | 0.2592 |
| Ferritin (pmol/L), median (IQR) | 98 | 200.0 (382.0) | 155.0 (283.1) | 0.2062 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 98 | 7.33 (3.44) | 5.89 (3.00) | 0.0366 |
| Fasting insulin (mIU/mL/ pmol/L), median (IQR) | 94 | 17.5/121.5 (20.0/138.9) | 11.0/76.4 (14.0/97.2) | 0.0151 |
| HOMA-IR, median (IQR) | 92 | 5.8 (5.3) | 3.0 (3.7) | 0.0007 |
| FFA, (mmol/L), mean ± SD | 94 | 0.55 ± 0.21 | 0.52 ± 0.27 | 0.5181 |
| Adipo –IR, median (IQR) | 93 | 9.1 (10.9) | 5.1 (8.4) | 0.0033 |
| Imaging | ||||
| MRI-PDFF (%), median (IQR) | 100 | 12.3 (9.2) | 2.7 (1.9) | <0.0001 |
| NAFLD (MRI-PDFF ≥ 5%), n (%) | 100 | |||
| MRE (kPa), median (IQR) | 98 | 2.6 (0.7) | 2.4 (0.5) | 0.1127 |
| Advanced Fibrosis (MRE ≥ 3.6 kPa), n (%) | 98 | 5 (7.8%) | 2 (5.9%) | 1.0000 |
p-values: n (%) → chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test, mean ± SD → two independent samples t-test, median (IQR) → Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test
Abbreviations: Adipo-IR: adipose tissue insulin resistance, ALT: alanine aminotransferase, AST: aspartate aminotransferase, BMI: body mass index, DM: diabetes mellitus, FFA, free fatty acids, GGT: gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, HbA1C: hemoglobin A1c, HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HOMA-IR: Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance, NAFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; MRE: magnetic resonance elastography, MRI-PDFF: magnetic resonance imaging-estimated proton density fat fraction.