Table 2.
Comparison between diabetics with and without advanced fibrosis
| Advanced Fibrosis (MRE ≥ 3.6kPa) (N=7) | No Advanced Fibrosis (MRE < 3.6kPa) (N=91) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Male, n (%) | 5 (71.4%) | 47 (51.7%) | 0.4423 |
| Age (yrs), mean ± SD | 67.0 ± 8.9 | 59.2 ± 11.3 | 0.0779 |
| Race | 0.9397 | ||
| Am Indian/Alaskan Native, n (%) | 0 | 1 (1.1%) | |
| Asian, n (%) | 0 | 11 (12.1%) | |
| Black, n (%) | 1 (14.3%) | 11 (12.1%) | |
| White, n (%) | 5 (71.4%) | 49 (53.9%) | |
| Hispanic, n (%) | 1 (14.3%) | 19 (20.9%) | |
| Anthropometric (mean ± SD) | |||
| BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 31.0 ± 8.3 | 30.8 ± 6.4 | 0.9396 |
| Waist (cm), mean ± SD | 104.0 ± 22.9 | 102.3 ± 13.1 | 0.8522 |
| Clinical | |||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 7 (100.0%) | 57 (62.6%) | 0.0921 |
| Metabolic syndrome, n (%) | 5 (71.4%) | 63 (69.2%) | 1.0000 |
| Duration of DM (years) | 10.0 (3.0) | 8.0 (8.0) | 0.8459 |
| Oral hypoglycemic therapy, n (%) | 6 (85.7%) | 74 (81.3%) | 1.0000 |
| - Metformin, n (%) | 6 (85.7%) | 67 (73.6%) | 0.6743 |
| - Thiazolidinediones, n (%) | 0 | 2 (2.2%) | 1.0000 |
| Antilipemic therapy, n (%) | 6 (85.7%) | 48 (52.8%) | 0.1253 |
| Insulin therapy, n (%) | 2 (28.6%) | 19 (20.9%) | 0.6401 |
| Vitamin E, n (%) | 0 | 2 (2.2%) | 1.0000 |
| Biochemical | |||
| AST (U/L), median (IQR) | 28.0 (19.0) | 20.0 (10.0) | 0.0154 |
| Elevated AST (>40 U/L), n (%) | 3 (42.9%) | 5 (5.5%) | 0.0110 |
| ALT (IU/L), median (IQR) | 28.0 (22.0) | 23.0 (16.0) | 0.2878 |
| Elevated ALT (>40 U/L), n (%) | 2 (28.6%) | 16 (17.6%) | 0.6090 |
| GGT (U/L), median (IQR) | 38.0 (36.0) | 25.0 (16.0) | 0.2163 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (U/L), median (IQR) | 73.0 (29.0) | 73.0 (31.0) | 1.0000 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 1.45 (0.49) | 1.34 (0.72) | 0.7825 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 1.78 (0.85) | 2.33 (1.11) | 0.0372 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 1.38 (0.75) | 1.58 (1.00) | 0.5302 |
| Platelet (109/L), mean ± SD | 217.0 ± 115.1 | 259.8 ± 67.0 | 0.3668 |
| HbA1C (%), median (IQR) | 6.7 (1.5) | 7.1 (1.6) | 0.8684 |
| Ferritin (pmol/L), median (IQR) | 184.3 (343.8) | 186.5 (283.1) | 0.6828 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 6.97 (5.55) | 6.89 (2.72) | 0.7969 |
| Fasting insulin (mIU/mL / pmol/L), median (IQR) | 45.0/312.5 (114.0/791.7) | 15.0/104.2 (16.0/111.1) | 0.0196 |
| HOMA-IR, median (IQR) | 9.1 (14.7) | 5.0 (5.4) | 0.0452 |
| FFA, (mmol/L), mean ± SD | 0.65 ± 0.28 | 0.53 ± 0.23 | 0.2418 |
| Adipo –IR, median (IQR) | 22.6 (28.1) | 7.4 (8.3) | 0.0062 |
| Imaging | |||
| MRI-PDFF (%), median (IQR) | 6.4 (10.6) | 8.2 (9.7) | 0.7932 |
| MRE (kPa), median (IQR) | 4.2 (2.0) | 2.5 (0.6) | <0.0001 |
| NAFLD (MRI-PDFF ≥5%), n (%) | 5 (71.4%) | 59 (64.8%) | 1.0000 |
p-values: n (%) → chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test, mean ± SD → two independent samples t-test, median (IQR) → Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test
Abbreviations: Adipo-IR: adipose tissue insulin resistance, ALT: alanine aminotransferase, AST: aspartate aminotransferase, BMI: body mass index, DM: diabetes mellitus, FFA, free fatty acids, GGT: gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, HbA1C: hemoglobin A1c, HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HOMA-IR: Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance, NAFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; MRE: magnetic resonance elastography, MRI-PDFF: magnetic resonance imaging-estimated proton density fat fraction.