Table 1. Exercise protects against cardiovascular diseases.
| Types of disease | Effects of exercise | References |
|---|---|---|
| Myocardial Infarction | 1. Decrease inflammation 2. Reduce cardiac apoptosis 3. Decrease cardiac fibrosis |
45–51 |
| Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury | 1. Up-regulate anti-oxidative defense 2. Promote angiogenesis 3. Decrease cardiac apoptosis |
52–57 |
| Diabetic Cardiomyopathy | 1. Enhance mitochondrial biogenesis 2. Improve vascular endothelial function |
58–60 |
| Cardiac aging | 1. Decrease cardiac apoptosis 2. Increase antioxidant defence 3. Decrease cardiac fibrosis |
61–65 |
| Atherosclerosis | 1. Promote vascular branch formation 2. Regulate mitochondrial biogenesis |
44 |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 1. Increase aerobic capacity 2. Raise muscle strength 3. Enhance exercise tolerance 4. Improve quality of life |
66–69 |