Figure 7. Extracellular glutamate levels measured with HPLC in U87MG cells incubated with varying concentrations of pioglitazone.

(a) GW9662 (b) GW9662 + pioglitazone (c & d) for 24, 48 and 72 hours (n = 6)A significant reduction in glutamate release was elicited at a concentration of ≥ 30 μM of pioglitazone at 72 hours (a). GW9662 at was associated with a significant reduction of glutamate at 48 and 72 hours using 50 μM and ≥ 30 μM respectively (b). There was no significant difference in glutamate release with co-administration of pioglitazone and GW9662 (c & d). Bars show mean with SEM and asterisks indicate statistical significance where *p = 0.01 to 0.05, **p = 0.001 to 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001. ANOVA with Bonferroni Post hoc test, n = 6. Abbreviations: NT: non-treated, Veh: Vehicle control, Pio: Pioglitazone, GW: GW9662.