Balb/cJ primary BMDMs were primed with LPS (1 μg/ml) for 2 h then incubated with or without SFN (A–D, 50 μM; E, 25 μM) for 30 min, followed with or without LT (A; 1 μg/ml) for 30, 60, or 75 min; FlaTox (B; 1 μg/ml) for 60 or 90 min; nigericin (C; 50 μM); ATP (D; 5 mM) for 30 or 60 min; or poly(dA:dT) (E; 1 or 2 μg/ml) with TurboFect transfection agent (0.2 or 0.4% vol/vol) or TurboFect alone for 6 h. Cell lysates (lys) and supernatants (sup) were analyzed for caspase-1 and IL-1β cleavage by Western blot. Data are representative of 2 or more independent experiments. X-reactive band is a nonspecific, cross-reactive band to demonstrate equal protein loading.