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. 2015 Apr 22;50(6):657–667. doi: 10.3109/00365521.2015.1019918

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Figure 8. — OLGA staging for risk of stomach cancer. Modified from a paper of Rugge et al [79]. The staging is a practical tool for the delineation of patients to high (stages III–IV) and low (stages 0–II) risk groups for cancer, for gastric cancer of the intestinal type in particular. The staging requires endoscopy and proper biopsy practice but can also be done non-invasively by a blood test with applying specific biomarkers (pepsinogen I and II, gastrin-17 and Helicobacter pylori serology) that reflect the function (acid secretion) and the structure of both antral and corpus mucosa in the blood plasma/serum.