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. 2015 Dec 9;5:16988. doi: 10.1038/srep16988

Figure 2. Physiological responses to video stimuli and relationship between facial electromyographic (EMG) data and empathy scores.

Figure 2

(a) Within-subject and between-subject comparisons of physiological indices. Corrugator supercilii (CS) and zygomaticus major (ZM) EMG responses and pulse rate were converted to percent changes from baseline. Pain videos enhanced both facial EMG responses as compared with no-pain videos. **P < .01. Error bars represent standard errors of the mean. (b) Examples of facial EMG responses from two observers. Different spatial patterns and temporal dynamics can be seen in response to the same pain video clip, with activation of both facial muscles in one observer (upper) and CS activation only in the other observer (lower). Dotted outlines indicate the enhancement of EMG signals. (c) Positive correlations of CS EMG activity with empathic concern subscale score (left), and ZM EMG activity (right). Correlations were found only in trials employing the whole-body pain video, not in those using the arm-only and face-only pain videos.