Table 3. Activity of catalysts synthesized under different conditions for ball-milled cellulose hydrolysis.
| Catalyst number | N (%) | C (%) | H (%) | S (%) | Acid density by S content (mmol g−1) | TRS yield (%)a | Glucose yield (%)a | Glucose selectivity (%)a |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0.061 | 55.50 | 2.00 | 1.15 | 0.36 | 17.1 ± 1.4 | 9.1 ± 2.4 | 39.6 ± 2.4 |
| 2 | 0.052 | 58.00 | 1.82 | 1.02 | 0.32 | 17.7 ± 1.6 | 10.2 ± 0.4 | 41.6 ± 2.8 |
| 3 | 0.058 | 53.87 | 1.99 | 1.11 | 0.35 | 17.1 ± 0.5 | 8.0 ± 2.1 | 37.5 ± 1.6 |
| 4 | 0.061 | 55.50 | 2.00 | 1.15 | 0.36 | 17.2 ± 0.5 | 9.6 ± 2.3 | 41.8 ± 2.8 |
| 5 | 0.066 | 56.53 | 2.04 | 1.08 | 0.34 | 17.5 ± 1.7 | 9.2 ± 1.9 | 39.5 ± 1.5 |
| 6 | 0.039 | 60.91 | 2.01 | 0.91 | 0.28 | 16.9 ± 1.9 | 8.9 ± 0.4 | 40.5 ± 2.5 |
| 7 | 0.063 | 59.98 | 2.17 | 1.00 | 0.31 | 14.8 ± 2.4 | 7.2 ± 0.7 | 36.2 ± 0.3 |
| 8 | 0.060 | 61.79 | 2.10 | 0.97 | 0.30 | 17.7 ± 3.1 | 8.1 ± 0.8 | 36.8 ± 1.9 |
| 9 | 0.060 | 61.62 | 2.13 | 0.95 | 0.30 | 13.5 ± 2.9 | 6.1 ± 1.3 | 34.3 ± 0.8 |
| 10 | 0.034 | 53.00 | 2.10 | 1.28 | 0.40 | 18.5 ± 1.5 | 10.3 ± 2.1 | 41.4 ± 3.2 |
aConditions for hydrolysis reactions: ball-milled cellulose 0.027 g, catalyst 0.15 g, water 15 mL, 180 °C for 3 h. Two repetitions were done for each run.